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unit 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Newton's second law of motion | inclined plane |
| A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n) | simple machine |
| A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a | lever |
| The rate at which work is done is called | power |
| An inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post is a | screw |
| A machine that changes only the direction of a force has a mechanical advantage of | 1 |
| A winding mountain road is an example of a(n) | inclined plane |
| When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n) | compound machine |
| The unit of power is the | watt |
| A lever with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 is used to | increase force |
| An arrangement of pulleys designed to reduce the effort force is called a | block and tackle |
| For work to be done on an object, | the object must move some distance as a result of a force |
| Which of these is an example of work being done on an object | pushing a child on a swing |
| Work is measured in | joules |
| Pulling down on a rope to hoist a sail on a sailboat is an example of a machine | changing the direction over which a force is exerted |
| The mechanical advantage of a machine is the number of times a machine increases | the force exerted on the machine |
| An ideal machine would have an efficiency of | 100 percent |
| A ramp is an example of a simple machine called a(n) | inclined plane |
| The ideal mechanical advantage for an inclined plane is equal to the length of the incline divided by the | height of the incline |
| Which of these is an example of a third-class lever | fishing pole |
| The ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is equal to the | radius of the wheel divided by the radius of the axle |
| A machine that utilizes two or more simple machines is called a | compound machine |
| One example of a compound machine is a | bicycle |
| A simple machine that might be thought of as an inclined plane that moves is a | wedge |
| Which of these could be considered an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder | screw |
| The fixed point that a lever pivots around is called the | fulcrum |
| In order to do work on an object, the force you exert must be | in the same direction as the object’s motion |
| Work equals force times | distance |
| When you raise or lower a flag on a flagpole, you are using a(n) | pulley |
| How can a hockey stick be considered a machine | It multiplies distance |
| The mechanical advantage of a machine that changes only the direction of force is Correct Answer | 1 |
| If tight scissors have an efficiency of 50 percent, half of your work is wasted due to | friction |
| The wedge, screw, and lever are all | simple machines |
| When a machine is used to perform a task, work output is always ____________________ than work input | less |
| nlike a fixed pulley, a movable pulley ____________________ the effort force | multiplies |
| Doorknobs and faucet handles are examples of a simple machine called a | wheel and axle |
| is a measure of how much of the work put into a machine is changed to useful work put out by the machine | Efficiency |
| A gardener pushes on the angled handle of a lawn mower, causing it to move forward across a lawn. The only portion of the gardener’s force that does work on the lawn mower is the force in the ____________________ direction | horizontal |
| A newton-meter is a measure of work also known as the | joule |
| All machines have a(n)____________________ of less than 100%. | efficiency |
| The ideal mechanical advantage would equal the actual mechanical advantage if there were no losses due to | friction |
| When you use a paint can opener to pry open a can of paint, you use the paint can opener as a simple machine called a(n) | lever |
| A jar lid is an example of a simple machine called a(n) | screw |
| A screwdriver is a simple machine called a(n) | wheel and axle |
| A ramp in a parking garage is an example of a simple machine called a(n) | inclined-plane |
| Lengthening a ramp will ____________________ its ideal mechanical advantage | increase |
| As you bite into a peach, your front teeth act as a simple machine called a(n | As you bite into a peach, your front teeth act as a simple machine called a(n |
| A device that is twice as powerful as another can do ____________________ the amount of work in the same amount of time | double |
| A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place is called a | wave |
| vibrate | The highest parts of a transverse wave are called |
| The highest parts of a transverse wave are called | crests |
| Waves that move the particles of the medium parallel to the direction in which the waves are traveling are called | longitudinal waves |
| The maximum distance that the particles of a medium move from the rest position is the | amplitude of the wave |
| The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave is the wave’s | wavelength |
| The speed of a wave is its wavelength multiplied by its | frequency |
| The bending of waves around the edge of a barrier is known as | diffraction |
| The interaction between two waves that meet is called | interference |
| Waves combine to make a wave with larger amplitude in a process called | constructive interference |
| When an incoming wave combines with a reflected wave in such a way that the combined wave appears to be standing still, the result is a | standing wave |
| What occurs when vibrations traveling through an object match the object’s natural frequency | resonance |
| What are the highest and lowest points on a standing wave called | antinodes |
| A wave travels through a medium because | the wave’s energy passes from particle to particle |
| Mechanical waves are classified according to | how they move |
| Frequency is measured in units called | hertz |
| When a wave hits a surface through which it CANNOT pass and bounces back, it undergoes | reflection |
| Waves combine to produce a smaller or zero-amplitude wave in a process called | destructive interference |
| When a wave moves through an opening in a barrier, it | bends and spreads out |
| Sound is a disturbance that travels through a medium as a | longitudinal wave |
| The speed of sound depends on | the properties of the medium it travels through |
| Loudness, or sound level, is measured in units called | decibels |
| Which term refers to how high or low a sound seems to a | pitch |
| The pitch of a sound that you hear depends on the sound wave’s | frequency |
| The changing pitch of a police car’s siren as it moves by you is an example of | the Doppler effect |
| As a sound source moves toward a listener, the pitch | appears to increase |
| Which part of your ear do sound waves enter through | ear canal |
| Which part of your ear sends the message to your brain that you’ve heard a sound | the hairlike structures in the cochlea that are attached to nerve cells |
| Which of the following can cause hearing loss | infections |
| The most common type of hearing loss is due to | aging |
| A system of detecting reflected sound waves is | sonar |
| What do some bats use to locate food and to navigate | echolocation |
| Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called | ultrasound |
| You can hear sounds from around corners because of | diffraction |
| At what level can sounds damage the ears | 100 dB |
| Sound waves with frequencies below the normal human range of hearing are called | infrasound |
| What is a mixture of sound waves that do not sound pleasing together called | noise |
| In a longitudinal wave moving along a spring, areas where the coils are farthest apart are called | rarefactions |
| If a longitudinal wave has very crowded compressions and very uncrowded rarefactions, it has a large | amplitude |
| As the frequency of a wave traveling at constant speed increases, its ____________________ decreases | wavelength |
| When the crests of one wave align with the ____________________ of an identical wave, the amplitude of the resulting wave is zero | troughs |
| The material through which a wave travels is called a(n) | medium |
| The ear canal ends at a tightly stretched membrane called the | eardrum |
| The ____________________ is a liquid-filled cavity in the inner ear | cochlea |
| An echo is a(n) ____________________ sound wave | reflected |
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