What is it termed when there is a local conduction block in a peripheral nerve (no damage to axon or tissue distal to the lesion)

Compression syndrome of peripheral nerve

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Neurology-Combined

Term	Definition
How many Branches does a spinal nerve have?	Four
The highest point of the Illac crest is at lumbar vertebrae?	Four
Somatic nervous system refers to which type of muscles	Motor axons
The end of the spinal cord is at lumbar vertebrae?	Two
When you bend forward what happens to the spinal processes? They	Separate
Which space is the epidural needle inserted (L3-s1)?	Epidural space
What type of cells nourish neurons, form Myelin, protect, support nervous system; a.k.a. glia or simple cells? (Not neurons)	Neuroglia
Blood vessels that feed blood vessels are termed?	Vasavasorum
Blood vessels that feed nerve cells are termed?	Vasanervorum
What is it called when only a single nerve is affected?	Mononeuropathy
What is it called when several peripheral nerves are involved?	Poly neuropathy
What is it termed when there is involvement of the nerve root as it emerges from the spinal cord?	Radiculoneuropathy
What is it termed when there is involvement of several nerve roots and infection creates an inflammatory response?	Polyradiculitis
Which vertebrae numbers 3 to 5 is the location of where they perform a spinal tap?	lumbar
A spinal tap is a lumbar puncture/long needle to withdraw ? ( goes through the Dura Mater)	Spinal fluid
What is it termed when there is a local conduction block in a peripheral nerve (no damage to axon or tissue distal to the lesion)	Compression syndrome of peripheral nerve
Where does compression syndrome of peripheral nerve occur?_____ and what are the symptoms?, tingling, numbing, weakness, pain	PNS
What is the term used for the Salvatory gland or cheek gland?	Parotoid
The term used for bundle of axons in the CNS (brain and spinal cord) is termed?	Tracts
The term used for bundles of axons in the PNS (peripheral nervous system) is?	Nerves
The term used for a group of cell bodies in the brain (C N S) is?	Nuclei
The term used for a group of cell bodies in the PNS is?	Ganglion
Spinal nerves have three coverings what are they and which Layer are they? 1. Endoneurium- inner -wraps axon 2. _________ - middle - wraps fascicles 3. Epineurium - upper - wraps entire nerve	Perineurium
The posterior root manages which type of axons?	Sensory axons
The posterior root works within which system? (afferent) – skin, muscles, internal organs	CNS
The anterior root manages which type of axons?	Motor axons
The interior route works within which system? (efferent) – muscles, glands	CNS
Which direction do spinal cord nerves pass? ____– (as they exit the vertebral canal through intervertebral foramina)	Laterally
Which direction do nerves from lumbar/sacral/Coccygeal exit? They angle _______	inferiorly
Gray matter receives input from receptors via which type of neuron?	Sensory
From the posterior root sensory axons are incoming and send info to?	Interneurons
Lateral gray horns are only located in which part of the spine?_______and upper lumbar spine	Thoracic
The autonomic nervous system is comprised of C N S and P NS systems, only one of them generates Myelin sheaths easily which one?	PNS
When you hit the funny bone which nerve have you hit?	Ulnar nerve
There are three main nerve injuries (neurapraxia, axono tomesis, and neurotomesis); which one does not involve being injured at the point of injury and distally?	Neurapraxia
A nerve injury that is segmental Demyelination is termed?	Neurapraxia
A nerve injury that only affects PNS, has no break in fibers, is fixable/reversible, is mild injury with mild local compression, 1st degree?	Neurapraxia
A nerve injury with endoneurium intact/prolonged severe compression/2ndDegree/sensory/motor/autonomic loss/greater than six month recovery?	Axonotmesis
Axonotmesis and neurotmesis both exhibit this type of regeneration	wallerian
Axonotmesis can still be repaired because this… Is still intact	EndoNerium
This nerve injury results in permanently damaged nerve because it has no endoneurium (membrane present), 3rd degree?	Neurotmesis
The only option for repair of neurotmesis?	Surgical
Examples of causes of peripheral nerve lesions include; trauma; crutches; compression of rest; fracture; edema; carrying backpack; and this _____ _____which is time for wearing tight jeans?	Moralgia parasthetica
What is the purpose of cerebral spinal fluid? (Hydraulic cushion)	Shock absorption
Where is the spinal cord located? (It is the vertebral foraMina of all of the vertebrae stacked)	Vertebral canal
What are the meninges? They are three protective ______ ______ coverings (surround brain and spinal cord)	Connective tissue
Spinal meninges connect with?	Cranial meninges
Which is the deepest meninges layer that supplies oxygen and nutrients to brain and spinal cord?	Pia mater
Which is the most superficial meninges layer (runs from occipital bone to S2)?	Dura mater
Where does spinal nerve c1 begin? In relation to the C-1 vertebrae	Superior
The meninges layer that is most delicate, avascular, loose collagen, elastic fibers?	Arachnoid mater
Part of the Pia mater, triangular membrane extensions, fuse with arachnoid mater, protect spinal cord, come outside?	Denticulate ligament
What is the term for the space that has cerebral spinal fluid, a vascular, and shock absorbing?	Sub arachnoid space
Inter-vertebral disc between L1 and L2 is ?	Conus medullaris
Anchors spinal cord to coccyx? (Runs from conus medullaris)	Filum terminale
Nerves that don't exit at the same level that the rest of the nerves exit the spinal cord?	cauda equina
How many pairs of the spinal nerves are there in the cervical spine? (_______ cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal	eight
What is the purpose of the spinal nerves between the spinal cord and the body?	Communication
Autonomic nervous system refers to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and ______	Glands
The three layers of nervous tissue that protects the spinal cord include the boney Vertebral column; the space with cerebral spinal fluid ; and ______	Meninges
Dura Mater is the superficial dense irregular connective tissue; Arachnoid metre is avascular, middle layer, some elastic fibres; and the last layer of the meniges is_____ ______ which is vascular innermost, then, transparent, lots of blood vessels	Pia mater
The three spaces involved with meninges include: epidural (fat and CT) ; sub dural (interstitial fluid) and______________(shock absorbing, avascular, cerebral spinal fluid)	Arachnoid
A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to cords? (Ant and post)	Two
Spinal meninges and cerebral spinal fluid and at what vertebrae?	s2
What are the four branches of the spinal nerves? Posterior ramus; anterior Ramis; meningeal branch;______ ______	Rami communicantes
Spinal cord is absent between?	L2-S2
The Dura mater fuses with outermost layer of the nerve called?	Epineurium
The landmark for administering a spinal tap which passes through the fourth lumbar vertebrae is called?	Supracristal line
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the spinal Dura Mater? _____ to S2	Occipital
Bundles of Myelinated axons of neurons are termed?	White matter
Dendrites; cell bodies of neurons; unmyelinated axons and neuralgia are termed?	Gray matter
Extends from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the superior border of the second lumbar vertebrae?	Spinal cord
Lateral gray horns are found in which segments of the spinal cord? ______And upper lumbar segments	Thoracic
What portion of the spinal cord connects with the nerves of the upper limbs? (Brachial plexus)	Cervical enlargement
Axons that carry nerve impulses towards the brain (ascending)?	Sensory tracts
Axons that carry nerve impulses away from the brain (descending)?	Motor tracts
The cervical enlargement extends from C4- T1and is responsible for supplying the?	upper limb
The lumbar enlargement extends from T9-t 12 and is responsible for supplying the?	Lower limb
An extension of Pia mater that extends inferiorly, fuses with arachnoid mater, Dura Mater and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?	Filum terminale
Contains axons of sensory/feeling neurons, and cell bodies of interneurons.	Posterior gray horn
Contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons (regulate cardiac MM, smooth muscles and glands; PNS)?	Lateral gray horn
Contains cell bodies of somatic (skeletal) Motor neurons?	Anterior gray horn
What is the difference between a horn and a column? Horn is gray matter and call him is?	White matter
Two bundles of axons are called?	Root
White matter is more abundant in the cervical or sacral segments?	Cervical
Smaller bundles of axons are called?	Rootlets
Where are there more sensory and motor trucks in the upper or lower segments of spinal cord?	Upper
These contains sensory axons that conducts nerve impulses from sensory receptors in skin muscle and internal organs?	Posterior root
Cell bodies of a sensory neuron are termed?	Posterior root ganglion
Contain axons of motor neurons (conduct nerve impulses from CNS to effectors) muscles and glands?	Anterior root
Roots of the lower spinal nerves (wisps of hair)?	Cauda equina
Bundles of axons with common origin; information; destination?	Columns
gray mater is the most abundant in the cervical and lumbar segments b/c it is responsible for sensory and motor innervation of?	Limbs
A network of nerves, veins, or lymphatic vessels?	Plexus
Motor tracts that convey information from the brain down the spinal cord for automatic movement, coordination of body movements with visual stimuli, skeletal muscle tone and posture and balance.	Indirect motor pathways
The most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system connecting a receptor and an effector consisting of a receptor, a sensory neuron, and integrating centre in the central nervous system, a motor neuron, and an effector	Reflex arc
Any stress that changes a controlled conditions; any change in the internal or External environment that excites a sensory receptor, a neuron, or a muscle fibre	Stimulus
A network of nerves axons of the ventral Rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. The nerves that emerge from it supply the upper limb	Brachial plexus
Inflammation of the spinal cord	Myelitis
Neurons that conduct impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands	Motor neuron
A group of cell bodies of sensory neurons and their supporting cells located along the posterior root of a spinal nerve	Posterior root ganglion
Three membrane covering the brain and spinal cord called the Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater	Meninges
A network formed by the ventral branches of spinal nerves L4 through S3	Sacral plexus
Non-nervous fibrous tissue of the spinal cord that extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris to the coccyx	Filum terminale
Injection of an anaesthetic drug into the epidural space, the space between the Dura mater and the vertebral column in order to cause a temporary loss of sensation. Such injections in the lower lumbar region are used to control pain during childbirth	Epidural block
Collections of upper motor neurons with cell bodies in the motor cortex that project axons into the spinal cord, where they synapse with lower motor neurons or interneurons in the anterior horns	Direct motor pathways
Paralysis of both lower limbs	Paraplegia
And organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or Autonomic motor neurons	Effector
The Teebird portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement	Conus medullaris
A narrow strip of gray matter connecting the two lateral gray masses with the spinal cord	Grey commissure
Group of white matter tracts in the spinal cord	Columns
A nerve supplying a muscle located between the ribs. Also called the thoracic nerve	Intercostal nerves
A tail like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord	Cauda equine
The cutaneous area developed from one embryonic spinal cord segment and receiving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve. An instrument for incising the skin or cutting thin transplants of skin	Dermatome
Neurons that carry sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain	Sensory neuron
A proprioceptive receptor, sensitive to changes in muscle tension and force of contraction, found cheifly under the junctions of tendons and muscles	GolGi tendon organs
A polysynaptic, ipsilateral reflex that protects tendons and their associated muscles from damage that might be brought about by excessive tension	Tendon reflex
The middle of the three meninges of the brain and spinal cord	Arachnoid mater
Sensory ( Ascending) tract that conveys information up the spinal cord to the thalmus for sensations of pain, temperature, crude touch, and deep pressure	Spinothalamic tract
A space between the spinal Dura Mater and the vertebral canal, containing Areolar connective tissue you and a plexus of beans	Epidural space
Inflammation and pain along the sciatic nerve, felt along the posterior aspect of the thigh extending down the inside of the leg	sciatica
Connective tissue wrapping around individual nerve axons	Endoneurium
A bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system	Tracts
Yes of sensation in a region do to injection of a local anesthetic; an example is local dental anaesthesia	Nerve block
paralysis of four limbs, two upper and to lower	Quadriplegia
An encapsulated proprioceptor in a skeletal muscle, consisting of specialized intrafusal muscle fibres and nerve endings, stimulated by changes in length or tension of muscle fibres	Muscle Spindles
Inner most of the three meninges of the brain and spinal cord	Pia mater
A mass of nerve tissue located in the vertebral canal from which 31 pairs of spinal nerves originate	Spinal cord
Faster response to a change or stimulus in the internal or Extertal environment that attempts to restore homeostasis	Reflex
The structure composed of sensory axons lying between a spinal nerve and the dorsal lateral aspect of the spinal cord	Posterior dorsal root
A network formed by nerve axons from the ventral Rami of the first four cervical nerves and receiving gray rami Communicantes from the superior cervical ganglion	Cervical plexus
A microscopic tube running the length of the spinal cord in the gray commissure	Central canal
An area of gray matter that is anterior, lateral, or posterior in the spinal cord	Horns
A period From several days to several weeks following transection of the spinal cord that is characterized by the abolition of all reflex activity	Spinal shock
Attacks of pain along the entire course or a branch of a sensory nerve	Neuralgia
Space between the arachnoid mater and the Pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and three which cerebrospinal fluid circulates	Subarachnoid space
Outer most of the three meninges, coverings of the brain and spinal cord	Dura mater
Branches of a spinal nerve that are components of the autonomic nervous system	Rami communicantes
Inflammation of the meninges due to an infection, usually caused by a bacteria or virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, confusion, lethargy, and drowsiness	Meningitis
Space between the Dura mater and the arachnoid mater of the brain and spinal cord that contains a small amount of fluid	Subdural space
A network of formed by the anterior, ventral branches of spinal nerves L1 through L4	Lumbar plexus
A sustained partial contraction of portions of a skeletal or smooth muscle in response to activation of stretch receptors or a baseline level of action potential's in the innervating motor neurons	Muscle tone
And abnormal sensation such as burning, pricking, tingling, tickling resulting from a disorder of a sensory nerve	Paesthesia
The superficial connective tissue covering around an entire nerve	Epineurium
Structure composed of axons of motor (Efferent) Neurons that emerges from the anterior aspect of the spinal cord and extends laterally to join a posterior root forming a spinal nerve	Anterior ventral root
paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body	Hemiplegia
A small bundle or cluster, especially of nerve or muscle fibres (cells)	Fasicicles
Inflammation of one or several nerves that may result from irritation to the nerve root produced by direct blows, bone fractures, contusions, or penetrating injuries.	Neuritis
Additional causes include infections, vitamin deficiency which is usually thiamine and poisons such as carbon dioxide carbon tetrachloride heavy metals and some drugs (con't)	Neuritis
Extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole; cont	Babinski sign
normal up to eight months of age and indicative of damage to descending motor pathways such as the corticospinal tract after that	Babinski sign
Because they contain both sensory and motor axons spinal nerves are considered to be	Mixed
Put the components of the reflex arc in order1. Integrating centre, 2. Effector 3. Sensory neuron 4. Sensory receptor 5. Motor neuron	4,3,1,5,2
True or false Gray matter of the spinal cord contains somatic motor and sensory nuclei, autonomic motor and sensory nuclei and functions to receive and integrate both incoming and outgoing the information	True
Levator Scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor muscles are innervated by which nerve? C5	Dorsal scapular
Serratus anterior muscle is innervated by which nerve? c5-c7	Long thoracic
Subclavius muscle is innervated by this nerve? C5-c6	Subclavian nerve
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles are innervated by this nerve .c5-c6	Suprascapular
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles are innervated by this nerve.c5-c7	Musculocutaneous
Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor are innervated by lateral and medial _______nerve c5-c7	Pectoral
Subscapularis muscle is innervated by? C5-c6	Upper subscapular nerve
Latissimus dorsi muscle is innervated by which nerve?c6-c8	Thoracodorsal
Subscapularis and teres major are innervated by? C5-c6	Lower subscapular nerve
Deltoid and teres minor muscles; skin over deltoid and superior posterior aspect of the arm are innervated by? C5-c6	Axillary nerve
Flexors of form, except flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, and some muscles of the hand (lateral palm) are innervated by? C5-t1	Median nerve
Triceps brachii, anconeus and extensor muscles of the forearm, lateral two thirds of the dorsum of the hands and fingers over proximal and middle phalanges are innervated by? C5-t1	Radial nerve
FCU, ulnar half of FDP, And most muscles of the hand are innervated by? ( skin of medial side of hand, little finger, and medial half of ring finger) c8-t1	Ulnar nerve
Skin of medial and posterior aspect of the distal third of the arm are innervated by ? C8-t1	Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
Skin of medial and posterior aspects of forearm are innervated by ?c8-t1	Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
Injury of which nerve could cause paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle?	Long thoracic nerve
Pneumonic for the brachial plexus is ? ( roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches)	Red trucks deliver cold beer
What do you get if you lose innervation to serratus anterior?	Winging
Tingling in the hand is usually a result of?	Median nerve skin
Which nerves come off the superior trunk? Subclavius and _______	Suprascapular
How do we remember the muscles that are innervated by the radial nerve? ( Brachioradialis, extensors, Anconeus, supinator, triceps)	BEAST
Which groups form the brachial plexus?	C5-C8, T1
Where is the brachial plexus located? (Inferior and lateral C4 to C8 and T1), it passes above the first rib, post to Clavicle, and enters the ?	Axilla
Trunks divide into?	DiVisions
Roots combine to form?	Trunks
Anterior rami of spinal nn?	Roots
What cord does the medial nerve come off of?	Lateral and medial cords
Me and Ray go all the way- median nerve and radial nerve go off all levels of the plexus (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1) and go all the way to your _______	Fingers
Superior, middle, and inferior referred to trunks or cords?	Trunks
Divisions (anterior and posterior eerier) unite to form?	Cords
Cords can be lateral, medial, and?	Posterior
Principal nerves of the brachial plexus are referred to as?	Branches
The axillary artery supplies blood to the?	Upper limb
The brachioplexus supplies nerve supply to the shoulders and?	Upper limbs
Axillary nerve supplies the deltoid and?	Teres minor
Musculocutaneous nerve supplies the muscles of the?	Anterior arm
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis are innervated by which nerve?	Musculocutaneous
Radial nerve supplies the muscles on the posterior aspect of the?	Forearm
Brachioradialis, extensors, and Anconeus, supinator, and triceps are innervated by the? (Beast)	Radial nerve
The median nerve supplies most of the muscles of the_________ forearm and some of the hand?	Anterior
Flexors of the forearm (Except FCU), ulnar. Half of FDP , lateral palm (and) are innervated by?	Median nerve
The ulnar nerve supplies the anteromedial muscles of the forearm and most of the muscles of the?	Hand
FCU, ulnar half of FDP, most mm of hand are innervated by?	Ulnar nerve
Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor are innervated by the______ _____ nerve?	Medial pectoral
We activate the scalenes w a ?	Sniff
What strucures are compressed by the scalenes?	Brachial plexus (not the subclavian vein)
If you have compression of the scalenes what would you experience? Sx similar to?	TOS
What might cause compression of the TOS?Tight mm, poor posture, cervical rib ( elongated tvp a T7), fractures, step deformity, back packs, trauma, swelling, whiplash, subluxation of t spine, metabolic disorders, ______	Pregnancy
Compression one or more nerves of the brachial plexus is termed?	Thoracic outlet syndrome
The structures of the thoracic outlet include;Clavicle, first (cervical) rib (additional rib at C7), subclavius mm, ant and post ______	Scalenes
Symptoms of TOS include? Pain, numbness weakness, tingling in the arm, or across the upper thoracic area , or over the _______? Subclavian artery and vein could also be.	Scapula
What does the brachial plexus innervate? Shoulder girdle, whole arm and hand , and _____	Pecs
What do trophic changes look like?	Changes in soft tissue, ie, skin, mm, fascia... Shiny and thining of skin
Compression btwn anterior and middle scalene is termed?	Anterior scalene syndrome
Presence of cervical rib (an additional rib at C7 is termed? Presence of cervical rib.	Cervical rib syndrome
Locations of TOS include?Cervical ____, anterior scalene syndrome (which includes the interscalene triangle), the costcoclavicular syndrome, and pec minor syndrome	Rib
Compression btwn clavicle and 1st rib is termed?	Costcoclavicular syndrome
Compression btwn coracoid process and pec minor is termed?	Pectoralis minor syndrome
Interscalene triangle is composed of? Anterior scalene, middle scalene and ?	First rib
What passes through the interscalene triangle? The brachial plexus and the _____ ______	Subclavian artery
Does the subclavian VEIN pass through the interscalene triangle?	No
The subclavian vein is located _______ to the interscalene triangle	Anterior
This test for anterior scalene we look toward the arm and find radial pulse, if we find a change then it could be a result of TOS.	adsons test
This test for middle scalene we look away from the arm and find radial pulse, if we find change then it could be a result of TOS, aka palsted test	Travells test
Path of TOS is: Brachial plexus w subclavian artery travels btwn the ant and middle scalene, it travels to the inferior border of the ______, here the sucbclavian artery and vein meet	Axilla
A region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease such as wound, tumor, ulcer, abcess	Lesion
Ulnar nerve lesions path is over the flexor retinaculum between the _____ __ ____. (Tunnel of guyon)	Hook of the hamate
Causes of ulnar nerve lesions can be due to fractures( @medial epicondyle, mid forearm, wrist); dislocations (of elbow); post surgical complications (badly positioned arm while under anesthetics);compressions (resting elbow on hard surface,	Con'd
Wearing tight wrist band, cycling); repetitive action; direct trauma radial neuropathy	Wartenberg syndrome
The most common sx of ulnar nerve lesion is _____ ______ _______.	Ulnar claw hand
Ulnar claw hand presents with baby finger hyperext, abd @ MCP & flexed @IP; _____ ______ is hyper ext at MCP and flexed at IP (loss of lumbricals); atrpohy of interrosus mm, mm wasting @ hypothenar	Ring finger
If we hold a paper between our thumb and index fingerand the ffingers remain extended (using the adductor pollicis mm, innervated by ulnar nerve) then FROMENTS SIGN IS_____	Positive
If patient flexs thier thuumb while testing for the froments sign then the ____ ____ is working rather than the ulnar nerve and the FROMENTS test is negative	Median nerve
Complications of fractures of the elbow, can be yrs later, b/c of callus formation or valgus deformity of the elbow, stretch of ulnar nerve in groove of medial epicondyle	Tardy ulnar palsy
Constricted pupil	Miosis
Droppy eye	Ptosis
No sweating	Anhydrosis
on affected side only (usually) mitosis: constriction of pupil ptosis: drooping of the eyelid anhydrosis: loss of sweating to face and neck exophthalmos: recession of eyeball into orbit	Horners syndrome
Cause of _____ -Fractures - the spiral/radial groove (humerus) -Dislocations - of head of radius, humeroradial or radioulnar joints -Post surgical complications -Compression	Radial nerve lesions
Paralysis of the brachial plexus due to pressure from prolonged use of a crutch	Crutch palsy
Radial neuropathy; tingling, burning sensation. Radial nerve policy from position that compressed the radial nerve against the humeus	Saturday night palsy
Posterior interosseous nerve comes off in front of the lateral epicondyles; motor nerve; get wrist drop; compression in arcade canal of	Posterior interosseous syndrome
Fibrous arch in supinator; between the two heads of supinator; occurs in 30% of people	Arcade/canal of froshe
Compression of superficial branch of radial nerve as it passes (under tendon of brachioradialis); sensory; patient at dorm of rest;; webspace	cheiralgia paresthetica
Origin c5-t1; inferior to the clavicle; ant arm; ant forearm; ventral hand and thenar eminance	Median nerve path
Causes of median nerve lesions include ; fractures at the elbow wrist and carpals, dislocations at elbow,wrist and carpals-compressions - _____	Trauma
median nerve dysfunction causes Thenar Eminence muscle Atrophy. The palm appears flattened & the thumb lies beside index finger due to unoppsed action of extensor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis	Ape hand
runs from an abnormal spur on the shaft of the humerus to the medial epicondyle - median nerve can be compressed above the elbow as it passes under ligament - only in 1% of the population	Ligament of struthers
- Ape Hand - can't grasp objects - can't pronate forearm, flex PIPs, flex DIPs of digit 2 & 3 (air quotes) - weak wrist flexion, weak thumb movements - altered sensation on digit 1, 2, 3 and half of 4 (palmer surface)	Sx of median nerve lesions
-compressed at proximal attachment of pronator teres -aching in anterior forearm -numbness in thumb and index finger -some weakness in thenar mm	Pronator teres syndrome
-compression through the carpal tunnel at wrist -most common entrapment condition in arm Carpal tunnel - carpal bones form floor, flexor retinaculum forms roof, flexor retinaculum attaches to scaphoid tubercle + trapezium	Carpal tunnel syndrome
What passes throught the carpal tunnel?	Median nerve, 9 tendons, fds4, fdp4, fpL1
injury to the superior roots of the brachial plexus (C5-C6) Traction injury Forceful pulling away the head from shoulder No sensation over lateral arm (sensory loss C5 & C6 dermatomes)	erbs duchenne palsy
waiter's tip position (adduction, medial rotation, elbow straight, wrist/fingers flexed)	Erbs duchenne palsy cont
-traction injury of the lower brachial plexus (C8-T1) -from poor positioning at birth (breech), or pulled by forceps -can get from falling from height and grabbing something to break fall -results	Klumpkes paralysis
in medial + ulnar lesions -claw hand -sensory loss affecting C8 + T1 dermatomes -can get Horner's syndrome	Klumpkes paralysis
origin C5 - T1 laterally under clavicle circles humerus posteriorly - branches just before supinator: - Posterior motor branch posterior interosseous nerve - it enters supinator and travels	Radial nerve path
down the lateral radius to the wrist - Superficial branch - travels down the posterior forearm to the hand	Radial nerve path continued
altered sensation at posterior arm and hand (digits 1, 2,3 and lateral half of 4) wrist drop (can't extend wrist and fingers) -if injury is proximal to elbow, both sensory and motor affected -	Symptoms of radial nerve lesions
What passes throught the carpal tunnel?	Median nerve, 9 tendons, fds4, fdp4, fpL1
-if injury distal to elbow, only sensory or motor is affected* (due to additional branches)	Symptoms of radial nerve lesions continued
-anterior interosseous nerve is a branch of the median nerve -can be pinched as it passes between the 2 heads of pronator teres -pain and motor loss of flex pollicus longus, lateral 1/2 of FDP and	Anterior interrosseous syndrome
pronator quadratus -paralysis of flexors in index finger and thumb	Anterior interrosseous syndrome condinued
- numbness and tingling in digit 1, 2, 3 and distal 1/2 of 4 (palmer surface) - distinguishing feature = presence of nocturnal symptoms that wake person up - muscle weakness and	Symptoms of carpal tunnel
clumsiness of thumb and fingers - compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel occurs in 2 ways	Symptoms of carpal tunnel continued
Heavy alcohol consumption causes deficientcy in vitamin?	B1
Which vitamin is defiecient w carpal tunnel?	B6
Which structures pass through the median nerve?	FDS FDP FDL
Radial nerve supplies which main mm?	Supinator
Median nerve supplies which main muscle?	Pronator teres
LOAF -lateral palm, 1/2 FDP, forearm flexors (except FCU) are innervated by?	Median nerve
UlnAr nerve is working if do froments sign test b/c this mm works.	Adductor pollicis
Median nerve innervates this mm. It is the muscle that is used if froments sign is positive, (thus ulnar nerve)	Flexor pollicis longus
Lumbricals, adductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis and flexor retinaculum	LOAF
Charalgia parasthetica affects which neve?	Radial
Meralgia parasthetica affects which nerve? Aka femoral nerve	Lateral cutaneous nerve
Is the largest nerve in the lumbar plexus?	Femoral
What are the signs of a moral nerve injury? Inability to extend leg; loss of sensation in the skin in the anterior medial aspect of the ____	Thigh
Paralysis of adductors and loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the thigh are the signs of which nerve injury?	Obturator
During pregnancy the pressure of which nerve by the foetal head could result in loss of sensation?	Obturator nerve
The roots of L1 to L4 is the origin of which plexus?	Lumbar
Injury to the median nerve may result in; sx indicated by numbness, tingling, pain, in palm and fingers; inability to pronate forearm, wrist flexion is weak,; no flex of pips and second and third dips	Median nerve palsy
What five important nerves arise from the brachioplexus? Musculocutaneous, median, Ulnar, axillary ______?	Radial
L4-L5 and S1-S4 is the origin of the ____ plexus?	Sacral
Why does completely severing the spinal cord at level C2 cause respiratory arrest? (Nerve impulses do not reach phrenic nerve which stimulates ________of diaphragm)	Contraction
What is the largest nerves in the body?	Sciatic
Which plexus supplies the largest nerve in the body?	Sacral
The injury of which nerve causes foot drop? (Plantar flexed foot)	Common fibular
Which nerve supply the coccygeal plexus?	Annococcygeal
Injury to the ulnar nerve may result in? (No abduction or adduction of fingers; atrophy interosseous MM of hand, hyperextension of MCP, flux of IP a.k.a. clawhand)	Ulnar nerve palsy
When the medial border of the scapula protrudes a.k.a. winged scapula this is usually a result of this nerve?	Long thoracic
The symptoms of TOS are exaggerated during stress because it _______the contraction of involved mm?	Increases
In TOS the subclavian artery and the ______vein may also be compressed (scalene, pack or cervical rib also involved)	Subclavian
The most common form of _____pain is caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve?	Back
The two nerves that the sciatic nerve is composed of include the common fibular and the?	Tibial
Symptoms of sciatica include pain from bum to foot; herniated disc; dislocated hip; OA; piriformis shortening; inflammatin or sitting on _______	Wallet
An inverted foot drop is called? There is loss of function of anterior lateral aspects of leg, dorsum of foot and toes ; most common fibular portion of the sciatic nerve	Equinovarus
Injury to the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve with Dorsiflexion and eversion is termed?	Calcaneovalgus
Which condition of the brachioplexus would be because of excessive stretching of infants neck at birth? Roots C-5 C6 aka waiters tip position	Erb duchenne palsy
Cast of that is too tight around humourous or port injection to deltoid would be an injury to the axillary and _____nerve?	Radial
Inability to extend wrist and fingers is termed?	Wrist drop
L1: Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall; skin of inferior abdomen and buttock.	Iliohypogastric
L1: Muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall; skin of superior and medial aspect of thigh, root of penis and scrotum in male, and labia majora and mons pubis in female.	Ilioinguinal
L1-L2: Cremaster muscle; skin over middle anterior surface of thigh, scrotum in male, and labia majora in female.	Genitofemoral
L2-L3: Skin over anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of thigh.	Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
L2-L4: Largest nerve arising from lumbar plexus; distributed to flexor muscles of hip joint and extensor muscles of knee joint, skin over anterior and medial aspect of thigh and medial side of leg and foot.	Femoral
L2-L4: Adductor muscles of hip joint; skin over medial aspect of thigh.	Obturator
-can occur in stab or gunshot wounds -can't extend leg (at knee) -trouble flexing hip -wasting of quads -no sensation over ant/medial thigh	Injury to femoral nerve
paralysis of adductor mm no sensation over medial thigh can occur from pressure on nerve by fetal head during pregnancy	injury to obturator nerve
-lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment -occurs near the ASIS as the nerve passes under the inguinal ligament	Meralgia paresthetica
-sensory nerve - sensory alteration and/or burning pain on lateral thigh causes: -trauma (seat belt in car accident) -during delivery (in stirrups) -tight clothing -complication of surgery (hernia)	Meralgia paresthetica (continued)
L4-S1: Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and tensor fasciae latae muscles.	Superior gluteal
L5-S2: Gluteus maximus muscle.	Inferior gluteal
S1-S2: Piriformis muscle.	Nerve to piriformis
L4-S1: Quadratus femoris and inferior gemellus muscles.	Nerve to quadrator femoris + inf gemellis
L5-S2: Obturator internus and superior gemellus muscles.	Nerve to obturator internus + sup gemellis
S1-S3: Skin over anal region, inferior lateral aspect of buttock, superior posterior aspect of thigh, superior part of calf, scrotum in male, and labia majora in female.	Posterior cutanous n of thigh
S2-S3: Skin over inferior medial aspect of buttock.	Perforating cutaneous
L4-S3: -largest n in body -longest n in body -tibial + common fib n bound together by common sheath of connective tissue & split into 2 divisions at knee -innervates hams + adductor magnus before split	Sciatic
L4-S3: Gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles. Branches of tibial nerve in foot are medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve.	Tibial
L4-S3: Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis muscles; skin over medial two-thirds of plantar surface of foot.	Medial plantar
L4-S3: Remaining muscles of foot not supplied by medial plantar nerve; skin over lateral third of plantar surface of foot.	Lateral plantar
L4-S2: divides into superficial fibular + deep fibular branch	Common fibular
L4-S2: Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles; skin over distal third of anterior aspect of leg and dorsum of foot.	Superficial fibular
L4-S2: Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius, and extensor digitorum longus and extensor digitorum brevis muscles; skin on adjacent sides of great and second toes.	Deep fibular
S2-S4: Muscles of perineum; skin of penis and scrotum in male and clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and vagina in female.	Pudendal
Lateral to ischial tuberosity Middle posterior thigh Branches at popliteal fossa	Path of Sciatic Nerve:
Fractures (pelvis, femur, tibia, fib head, ankle) Dislocation (hip, knee, ankle) Iatrogenic reasons (glut inj, hip surgery, meniscal repair, improper positioning during surgery) Compressions	Causes of Sciatic Nerve lesions:
piriformis (piriformis syndrome) flexor retinaculum (tarsal tunnel syndrome) ganglion morton's foot (2nd toe longer than big toe)	Sciatic Compression from internal sources
against fib head (cast, splint) crossing legs trauma	Sciatic Compression from external sources
-Px at butt & down lateral leg & possibly to lat foot -Foot drop: i) paralysis of dorsiflexors and reverters ii) leads to steppage gait (toes can't clear floor)	Sx sciatic nerve lesions
-Tibial nerve can be compressed at the ankle as it passes through the tarsal tunnel -Tarsal tunnel is formed by the medial malleolus, calcaneus and talus (on the floor of the tunnel) and the flexor retinaculum on the roof	Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome:
-Swelling after trauma -Space-occupying lesion (eg; ganglion) -Inflammation (eg; paratendonitis) -Valgus deformity of ankle -Chronic inversion	Cx tarsal tunnel syndrome:
-Px at end of day (morning may indicate plantar fasciitis)	Sx tarsal tunnel syndrome: (continued)
-Px and parenthesis into sole of foot -Symptoms often worse after long periods of standing or walking or at night -Px localized or radiates over medial ankle, distal to medial malleolus -Can be misdiagnosed as plantar fasciitis	Sx tarsal tunnel syndrome:

Created by: amellstrom

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