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env. exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| according to your notes, which of the following states has the highest gasoline tax rate? | New York |
| when you have one buyer for many sellers what is this called? | Monopsony |
| which of the following is not a problem associated with green certification for companies? | Negative association with greenwashing |
| many companies spend more on trying to make their products appear greener than actually being green | true |
| which of the following is not a critique of market environmentalism? | green products can never be green |
| green-washing is the attempt by corporations to accurately report their environmentally friendly practices | false |
| what is the purpose of using green taxes? | to decrease the use of the item being taxed and drive innovation and substitution for it. |
| which of the following is not a problem associated with the coarse theorem and free market environmentalism? | it relies on a growing population to create solutions for environmental problems |
| wetland development in one place to make up for wetland destruction in another location is an example of what policy? | Banking programs |
| Compared to long-term growth patterns, population growth rates since the 1960's have been doing what? | Decreasing |
| All of the following lead to greater crop yields under the Cornucopian Theory, except what? | decresing fertility rate |
| What would Malthus suggest as a way to slow population growth? | people should exercise moral restraint |
| The demographic transition model shows population growth as a function of resource scarcity. | false |
| Which theorists developed the I = PAT equation? | Ehrlich and Holdren |
| Neo-Malthusians view _______ as the main limit of population growth. | scarce resources |
| All of the following are reasons why the fertility rate is low in Kerala, India, except: | Result of India's sterilization program in the 1950's. |
| High levels of women's education and literacy are associated with lower total fertility rates. | true |
| Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people that a system can sustain over a period of time, assuming a particular lifestyle. | true |
| Malthus believed that a natural correction to overpopulation includes all of the following except what? | Innovation |
| World population did not reach 1 billion people until approximately what year? | 1800 |
| Which group of people would agree with the statement that "the more people, the more ideas we receive and the more solutions that will be generated"? | Cornucopianists |
| All of the following are critiques of the Green Revolution and the Cornucopian Theory, except what? | Increased food supplies will be distributed more evenly across the world than before. |
| Which of the following is a criticism of population-centered thinking? | It directs policy action, blame, and social control onto women and their bodies. |
| The area of the earth’s surface that would be required to support a population based on the number of resources needed to sustain a particular lifestyle is known as _______. | an ecological footprint |
| We are expected to reach a population of 8 billion in fewer years than it took for Earth's population to move from 6 billion to 7 billion. | FALSE |
| Stage I in the demographic transition model describes a situation in which: | birth rates are high and death rates are high. |
| The term that describes how many goods per capita per person are consumed in an area or country of total production is what? | affluence |
| The "Forest Transition Theory" is explained by which model? | Environmental Kuznet's Curve |
| _______ argued that technology leads to greater environmental impact than population. | Barry Commoner |
| Which of the following is not a given critique of the rationale behind the I=PAT equation? | Does not show the relationship between affluence and technology as it relates to the population. |
| The fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years. | true |
| The idea that increased food demand leads to technological innovation that increases food production on the same amount of available land is known as what? | Induced intensification |
| Devleoping countries (overall), have a much higher fertility rate than indutrialized countries. | true |
| The IPAT equation explains environmental impact as a function of: | population, affluence, and technology. |
| After a period of economic transition and regulations, development is predicted to lead to a ___________________ in environmental impacts. | Decrease |
| Which theorist stated the following: “The Poor Laws of England tend to depress the general condition of the poor… they may be said, therefore, to create the poor which they maintain.” | Thomas Malthus |
| Most developed nations would fit into the second stage of the demographic transition model. | False |
| Most developed nations would fit into the second stage of the demographic transition model. | False |
| Development initially has a large ___________ impact on the environment. | Negative |
| An application of the I=PAT formula would be the ecological footprint. | True |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of a market solution that provides personal gain as well as environmental prosperity? | green taxes |
| Banking programs require significant regulatory intervention. | true |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of market failure? | greenwashing |
| It is possible to include everyone in the bargaining process that might be affected by environmental problems. | False |
| What term refers to what occurs when there is a mismatch between economic theory and the real-world? | market failures |
| Which of the following is NOT a problem with cap and trade policies? | A black market has been created to deal with environmental trading. |
| Which of the following relies on consumer demand to change environmental conditions? | green consumption |
| The type of market failure in which the costs or benefits of an activity to a third party are not figured into the activity's cost is known as what? | externalities |
| Market-based solutions are always equitable. | False |
| Which of the following is NOT a market-based solution to environmental problems? | banning indirect taxes on gasoline |
| More efficient use of a resource can lead to increased consumption of that resource | True |
| The Coase theorem: | states that optimal distribution of goods will occur as long as property rights are clearly defined. |
| Which of the following is used to describe the observation that more efficient use of a resource can lead to greater environmental degradation? | Jevons’ Paradox |
| According to the Coase theorem, the key to controlling externalities is what? | contracts and bargaining |
| A market-based solution to environmental problems in which a pollution limit is set and permits to pollute may be bought and sold on a free market in known as what? | cap and trade |
| Which of the following logos or groups is NOT an actual green certification? | U.S. Green Housing Council |
| Which of the following statements about market-based solutions is true? | They exclude participation of future generations. |
| According to the market response model, innovations can lead to what? | both an increase in supply and a decrease in demand. |
| Consumer-driven environmental change can be achieved through which one of the following methods? | green consumption |
| The outcome of the wager between Ehrlich and Simon suggested that the effects of population growth on the environment are: | mediated by innovation. |
| Failures in protecting a common property resource can result when established rules do not command respect. | True |
| Collective action would not include government intervention as a means to protect common property resources. | false |
| Uneven power relationships make it impossible for some commoners to do all of the following, EXCEPT: | Share the property. |
| Hardin argues that in order to prevent the “Tragedy of the Commons”, the commons must be enclosed. | true |
| Why is open access to a common property resource a problem? | Hard to fence it or lock it off. |
| Which of the following characteristics is NOT a common resource property problem? | Affluence |
| Which of the following in NOT a problem with government control of common property resources? | If the government “owns” a resource, it can regulate it. |
| Which of the following IS a problem with privatization of common property resources? | Private owners could still exploit resources if the profit motive was large enough. |
| Which of the following does NOT represent successful commons management? | struct pun |
| What is the theoretical metaphor for a situation in which a particular action would result in an optimal solution for all, but individual incentive to act selfishly will result in a worse situation for everyone? | Prisoner’s dilemma |
| Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a way to avoid the “Tragedy of the Commons”? | Successful lobbying |
| Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding the “Tragedy of the Commons”? | Many rules ensure sustainability. |
| The statement, “Nobody washes a rental car” reflects which of the following ideas for protecting common property resources? | Privatization |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of successful collective action to protect common property resources? | all of |
| Environmental commons are quite often managed collectively. | true |
| Ostrom believed strongly in which of the following methods to protect common property resources? | Collective Action |
| Collective action can work in all of the following situations, EXCEPT: | When we establish strict punishments. |
| Mobile common property resources are much harder to manage overall. | true |
| The concept of Social Darwinism argues that human societies advance primarily through cooperation. | false |
| Which of the following did Hardin prefer as a method to avoid the “Tragedy of the Commons”? | Privatization |
| Which of the following is an example of a stationary common property resource? | public forest |
| An institutionalist would most likely suggest privatization as a solution to the “Tragedy of the Commons”. | false |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the atmosphere as a global commons? | Negotiating and enforcing collective rules is an easy solution to implement. |
Created by:
shae989