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Chapter 13
vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Selective breeding | The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding. |
| Inbreeding | This process, in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations. is called inbreeding. |
| Test cross | A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait. |
| Genetic engineering | The situation changed when scientists began using genetic engineering, technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA (the DNA of another organism). |
| Genome | An organism's genome is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell. |
| restriction enzyme | These cells contain proteins called restriction enzyme that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence. |
| Gel electrophoresis | An electric current is used to separate the DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. |
| Recombinant DNA | This newly generated DNA molecule, with DNA from different source, is called recombinant DNA. |
| Plasmid | Plasmids small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules that occur naturally in bacteria and yeast cells can be used as vectors because they can be cut with restriction enzymes. |
| DNA ligase | An enzyme normally used by cells in DNA repair and replication, called DNA ligase, Joins the two DNA fragments chemically. |
| Transformation | Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation, as shown in figure 13.7. |
| Cloning | Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through this process called cloning. |
| Polymerase chain reaction | Once the sequence of a DNA fragment is known, a technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment. |
| Transgenic organism | Such organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms. |
| DNA fingerprinting | DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual. |
| Bioinformatics | This field of study, called bioinformatics, involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information. |
| DNA microarray | This analysis can be done using DNA microarrays, which are tiny microscope slides or silicon chip that are spotted with DNA fragments. |
| Single nucleotide polymorphism | These variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs (SNIHPS). |
| Haplotype | Therefore, regions of linked variations in the human genome, known as haplotypes, can be located. |
| Pharmacogenomics | The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics (far muh koh jeh NAW mihks). |
| Gene therapy | A technique aimed at correction mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy. |
| Genomics | Genomics is the study of an organism's genome. |
| Proteomics | The large scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called proteomics. |
Created by:
ramzeesimmons