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The Axial Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ are formed by the articulation of two cranial bones. | Sutures |
| Sutures are formed when? | within a year or two of birth |
| Prior to suture formation, the cartilage-filled spaces between cranial bones are called_____. | fontanels |
| The _____ is formed by the top and sides of the cranium. | cranial vault |
| A sinus is a ______. | cavity inside a bone |
| A fossa is _____. | a depression or indentation |
| The cranial fossae are _____. | depressions in the floor of the cranium |
| A foramen is ______. | a passage or opening through a bone |
| A septum is _____. | a dividing wall or structure |
| The _____ forms the forehead. | frontal bone |
| The _____ forms the superior aspect of each orbit (eye socket). | frontal bone |
| The _____ forms the anterior cranial fossa. | frontal bone |
| The ____ articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via the coronal suture. | frontal bone |
| In the region just deep to the eyebrows, _____ are present which allow nerves and arteries to pass. | supraorbital foramina |
| The _____ bone contains the frontal sinus. | frontal |
| The area of bone _____ is called the glabella. | just above the bridge of the nose |
| The two mirror-image bones which form much of the superior & lateral portions of the skull are the _____ bones. | parietal |
| The coronal suture is formed by articulation of which bones? | parietal and frontal bones |
| The sagittal suture is formed by articulation of which two bones? | the two parietal bones |
| The lambdoid suture is formed by articulation of which bones? | occiputal and parietal bones |
| The squamosal suture is formed by articulation of which two bones? | parietal and temporal bones |
| The ____ suture is formed by articulation of the parietal and frontal bones. | coronal |
| The ____ suture is formed by articulation of the two parietal bones. | sagittal |
| The _____ suture is formed by articulation of the occipital and parietal bones. | lamdoid |
| The _____suture is formed by articulation of the parietal and temporal bones. | squamosal |
| The posterior and base of the skull is formed by the ____ bone. | occiputal |
| The foramen magnum is the ______. | passageway through which the spinal cord leaves the skull |
| The foramen magnum is the _____. | largest opening in the occipital bone |
| Cranial nerve XII leaves the skill via small openings immediately lateral to the foramen magnum which are called the _____. | hypoglossal canals |
| The function of the occipital condyles is to _____. | articulate with C1, to allow the head to nod |
| The external occipital protuberance and crest and the nuchal lines are____. | sites of muscle and ligament attachment |
| The two mirror-image bones which form the inferolateral aspect of skull and part of the middle cranial fossa are the ______ bones. | temporal |
| The ____ of the ____ bone forms the posterior section of the zygomatic arch. | zygomatic process, temporal |
| The mandible articulates with the ____ of the temporal bone | canal leading to the eardrum, temporal |
| The hyoid bone is attached by ligaments to the ____ of the ____ bone. | styloid process, temporal |
| The facial nerve leaves the cranial cavity through the ____ in the ____ bone. | stylomastoid foramen, temporal |
| The ____, which are passages for the optic nerve and ophthalmic arteries are found in the ____ bone. | optic canals, sphenoid |
| The hypophyseal fossa, a depression in the region of the ____ bone called the ____ is the seat for the pituitary gland. | sphenoid, sella turcica |
| The anterior clinoid process of the ____ bone serves as _____. | sphenoid, anchoring point for the brain |
| The foramen rotundum of the _____ bone serves as ____. | sphenoid, passageway for the nerves innervating the maxillary region of the face |
| The crista galli is_____. | an attachment point for the meninges |
| The crista galli is a small crest of the ____ bone. | ethmoid |
| The cribriform plate is a surface filled with small foramina on the bone. | ethmoid |
| The cribriform plate contains _____. | passages for nerve filaments of the olfactory nerves |
| The superior and middle nasal concha are regions of the ____ bone. | ethmoid |
| The nasal concha create _____, which increases the ability of the nose to trap dust, preventing it from reaching the lungs. | turbulence |
| The temporalis muscle, which helps close the jar attaches to the _____ of the mandible | coronoid process |
| The _____ of the mandible articulate with the temporal bone. | mandibular condyles |
| During development, the two halves of the mandible fuse to form the ____. | mandibular symphysis |
| Mandibular alveoli serve as ____. | sockets for the teeth |
| The inferior alveolar nerves travel through the _____ of the mandible. | mandibular foramina |
| Blood vessels and nerves reach the chin and lower lip through the ____ of the mandible. | mental foramina |
| The ____ bones are found deep to the upper lip; they form part of the 'cheekbone' and the lateral aspects of the bridge of the nose. | maxilla |
| The maxilla includes a canal for the passage of nerves and blood vessels whose entrance, the _____, is found in the roof of the mouth. | incisive fossa |
| The ____ of each___ bone form the anterior portion of the hard palate. | palatine process, maxilla |
| In each orbit, the ____, whose inferior edge is formed by the maxilla, provides a passageway for nerves and blood vessels. | inferior orbital fissure |
| There is a _____ on each maxilla, inferior to the orbit, to allow passage for nerves and blood vessels to the face. | infraorbital foramen |
| The _____ bone, together with the temporal bone and maxilla, forms the bony part of each cheek. | zygomatic |
| The mirror-image bones that form the anterior aspect of the bridge of the nose are the ____ bones. | nasal |
| each orbit is formed, in part, by a small bone called the ___ bone, which contains tunnels leading into the nose called the ____ to allow tear drainage. | lacrimal, nasolacrimal canals |
| The L-shaped palatine bones form the ____. | posterior of the hard palate |
| The palitine bones have a process which extends all the way to the ____. | orbits |
| The bones of the skull which contain one or more sinuses are the ____,_____,_____ and ____ bones. | frontal, ethmoid, spehnoid, maxilla |
| The hyoid is unusual because it is the only bone in the body that____. | doesn't articulate with another bone |
| The hyoid is factened to the ____ of the ____ by ligaments. | styloid processes, temporal bones |
| The hyoid plays a role in ____ and _____. | swallowing, speech |
| There are ____ cervical vertebrae, ____ thoracic vertebrae, and ____ lumbar vertebrae. | 7,12,5 |
| All of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with____. | ribs |
| The laminae and pedicles of each vertebra makes up the ____. | vertebral arch |
| The spinal cord passes through the ____ of each vertebra. | vertebral foramen |
| The ____ regions of the vertebrae is called the body or centrum. | weight-bearing |
| Vertebrae articulate with one another via projections from their upper and lower surface called _____ and ____, respectively. | superior articular processes, inferior articular processes |
| The ____ are formed by notched areas on two articulated vertebrae, and provide passages through which spinal nerves to leave the spinal cord. | intervertebral foramina |
| Distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae include the ____, which provide a bony channel for blood vessels supplying the brain. | transverse foramen |
| The first cervical vertebra is called ____; the superior surfaces of the lateral masses articulate with the ___ of the skull. | the atlas, occiputal condyles |
| The articulation between C1 and the skull allows what motion? | nodding of the head |
| The unusual feature that makes identification of C2 easy is____. | the dens |
| The function of the odontoid process is to____. | serve as a pivot during side to side head-shaking |
| The vertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae are____. | trianglular |
| The body of a cervical vertebra is _____. | oval |
| The spinous processes of most cervical vertebrae are ____. | forked |
| The vertebral foramina of thoracic vertebrae are ____. | round |
| The spinous process of ___ are long, thin, blade-like structures. | thoracic vertebrae |
| Inter-vertebral articulation of thoracic vertebrae allows_____. | rotation |
| Inter-vertebral articualtion of thoracic vertebrae does not allow____. | flexion and extension |
| Superior articular processes on thoracic vertebrae have the facet facing in the ____ direction. | posterior |
| Inferior articular processes on thoracic vertebrae have the facet facing in a _____ direction. | anterior |
| Superior articular processes on lumbar vertebrae have the facet facing in a _____ direction. | medial |
| Inferior anticular processes on lumbar vertebrae have the facet facing in a ____ direction. | lateral |
| Inter-vertebral articulation of lumbar vertebrae allows ____. | flexion and extension |
| Inter-vertebral articulation of lumbar vertebrae does not allow ____. | rotation |
| The spinous processes on ____ are short and flat, like an axe blade. | lumbar vertebrae |
| The vertebral foramina of lumbar vertebrae are _____. | oval or diamond |
| The sacrum consist of ____ vertebrae. | five fused |
| The ____is inferior to the sacrum and articulates with it. | coccyx |
| Continuous band of connective tissue which cover the front and back of the vertebral column are called the ____. | anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments |
| The nucleus pulposus is the _____. | inner gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc |
| The annulus fibrosus is the ____. | outer, fibrocartilage layer of an intervertebral disc |
| The ____ is the inner gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc. | nucleus pulposus |
| The ____ is the outer, fibrocartilage layer of an intervertebral disc. | annulus fibrosus |
| An abnormal mediolateral curvature of the vertebral column is called____. | scoliosis |
| An abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called____. | kyphosis |
| An abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature of the vertebral column is called _____. | lordosis |
| The thoracic cage is formed from the ____,_____,______, and _____. | thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, and sternum |
| The sternum is formed by the fusion of three bones: the ____, ____, and ____. | manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
| The 'true ribs' are so-called because _____. | they are connected directly to the sternum |
| The 'false ribs' are so-called because ____. | they do not connect directly to the sternum |
| The two false ribs which do not have an anterior connection at all are the ____ ribs. | floating |
| Ribs ____ to ___ are the true ribs. | 1; 7 |
| The ___ and ___ of each rib articulates with one or more vertebrae. | head, tubercle |
| True/False An adults skill has more bone than the infant's. | FALSE |
| At birth, sutures are not present and the bones of the fetal skull are connected by _____. | fontanels |
| The ____ fontanel is formed at the intersection formed by the two parietal bones and the two halves of the fetal frontal bone. | frontal or anterior |
| The ___ fontanel is formed at the intersection formed by the two parietal bones and the occipital bone. | posterior |
| The ____ fontanel is formed at the intersection of a parietal bone, the occipital bone, and a temporal bone. | mastoid |
| the fontanel is formed at the intersection formed by a parietal bone, the frontal bone, a temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. | sphenoid |
| The ____ and ____ in the fetal face are unfused. | mandible, maxilla |
| True/False Only the thoracic and sacral spinal curvatures are present in the newborn. | TRUE |
| True/False Only the lumbar and cervical spinal curvatures are present in the newborn. | FALSE |
| The ____ forms the lower part of the nasal septum and is also visible when the skill is viewed inferiorly. | vomer |
| The upper limbs are attached to the brunk by the ___. | pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle |
| The lower limbs are attached to the trunk by the ___. | pelvic girdle |
| The shoulder girdle consists of the ___ and the ___. | acromiom, scapula |
| The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the ___. | sternum |
| Shoulder blade is the common term for the ___. | scapula |
| The scapulae articulate with the ___ and the ___. | clavicle, humerus |
| The scapulae articulate only indirectly with the axial skeleton via the ___. Thus, they exhibit a large range of motion. | clavicle |
| The ___ of the scapula articulates with the clavicle. | acromion |
| The ___ of the scapula articulates with the humerus. | glenoid cavity |
| The ___ of the scapula serves as an attachment point for the biceps of the arm. | coracoid process |
| The suprascapular notch of the scapula is important because it ____. | serves as a nerve passageway |
| The upper limb consists of the arm (____), forearm (____), and hand (___). | brachium, antebrachium, manus |
| The ____ is the only bone in the arm. | humerus |
| The humerus articulates with the ___, ___ and ___. | scapula, radius, ulna |
| The proximal end of the humerus includes the ___, which articulates with the scapula, and the greater and lesser____, which serve as attachment points for muscles. | head, tubercles |
| The proximal end of the humerus includes a large groove called the ___, which guides a tendon of the biceps to its attachment site. | intertubercular groove |
| The large bump in the central region of the humerus is an attachment point for the major muscle of the shoulder, the deltoid, and is called the ____. | deltoid tuberosity |
| At the distal end of the humerus are two epicondyles which serve as attachment sites for ligaments and muscles. The ___epicondyle is the larger of the two. | medial |
| The distal end of the humerus includes two condyles: one is the medial ____, which has an indentation in the center and which articulates with the ulna. | trochlea |
| The distal end of the humerus includes two condyles: one is the lateral____, which looks like a ball in the anterior view and articulates with the radius. | capitulum |
| The distal end of the humerus includes two shallow indentations called the ___ and ___fossae, which allow the ulna to move freely through a full range of motion. | coronoid, olecranon |
| The medial bone of the forearm is the ____. | ulna |
| The lateral bone of the forearm is the ____. | radius |
| The largest bone palpable in the posterior elbow is the ___ of the ____. | olecranon process, ulna |
| The ____ at the proximal end of the ____ articulates tightly with the trochlea of the humerus. | trochlear notch, ulna |
| At the distal end of the ulna is the sharp____ of the ___, from which ligaments run to the wrist. | styloid process, ulna |
| The radius is widest at its ____ end. | distal |
| The superior surface of the ___ of the ___ articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. | head, radius |
| At the distal end of the radius is the somewhat rounded____ of the ____ which is an attachment site for ligaments of the wrist. | styloid process, radius |
| At the proximal end of the radius is a bump called the ____ to which the biceps of thee arm attaches. | radial tuberosity |
| The hand contains three types of bone: The ____ of the fingers, the ____ of the palm, and the ___ of the wrist. | phalanges, metacarpals, carpals |
| The scaphoid, lunate, triqutral, pisiform, trapezium, capitate, and hamate form the ____. | carpus |
| The five fingers are numbered so that the thumb is number___. | 1 |
| The heads of the metacarpals articulate with the ____. | phalanges |
| The ____ does not contain a middle phalanx. | thumb |
| The hip bones are called the ___, and are actually formed by fusion of three bones: the ___, ____ and ____. | coxal bones, ischium, ilium, pubis |
| The ____ is formed by the two hipbones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. | pelvis |
| Three bones fuse to form each coxal bone. The superior portion of the coxal bone is formed by the ___. | ilium |
| The ilium is divided into two regions, the wing-like____ at the top and the inferior____. | ala; body |
| The ____ of the ilium articulates with the sacrum. | auricular surface |
| The _____, formed by all three bones that make up the coxal bone, articulates with the femur. | acetabulum |
| Two structures that on slender individuals can easily be seen as features of surface anatomy are the ___ and ____ of the ilium. | iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine |
| The iliac spines serve as ____. | attachment points for muscles |
| The ____ forms part of the pelvic brim, which marks the boundary between the lower true pelvis and the upper false pelvis. | arcuate line |
| The ____ forms the posteroinferior portion of the coxal bone. | ischium |
| The ischial spine serves as_____. | attachment points for muscles |
| The lesser sciatic notch of the ____ serves as an____. | ischium, passageway for nerves and blood vessels |
| The ____ bears one's weight when one is sitting. | ischial tuberosity |
| The ____ forms the anteroinferior part of the coxal bone. | pubis |
| The ____ of the ____ is the articulation point for the two coxal bones. | pubic symphysis, pubic |
| The very large openings in each as coxa is called the ____. Its name means, 'closed'. | obturator foramen |
| The cavity of the ____ in women is broad, to allow room for a baby's head during birth. | true pelvis |
| The ____ in the female pelvis is often moveable. | coccyx |
| The pubic arch in the ___ is wide and shallow. | female |
| True/False The thigh is a part of the anatomical leg. | FALSE |
| The largest and strongest bone in the body is the _____. | femur |
| The femur articulates proximally with the ____ and distally with the ____. | hip, tibia |
| The head of the femur is anchored to the acetabulum by a small ligament which attaches at the ___ of the femurs head. | fovea capitis |
| The phrase 'broken hip' usually refers to a fracture of the ___ of the ____. | neck, femur |
| Two prominent bumps which serves as attachment sites for muscles of the thigh and buttock are found on the proximal end of the femur, and so called ____. | the greater and lesser trochanters |
| The ____ and ___ of the femur articulate with the tibia. | lateral condyle, medial condyle |
| The ___ of the femur articulates with the 'knee cap'. | patellar surface |
| The ____ (knee cap) _____ and increases the _____. | patella, protects the knee, leverage of the quadriceps femoris |
| Which bones are found in the anatomical leg? | tibia, fibula |
| The tibia articulates with the ___, the ____, and the bones of the ____. | fibula, femur, ankle |
| The weight-bearing bone of the leg is the ____. | tibia |
| The ____side of the ____condyle of the tibia articulates with the fibula. | inferolateral, lateral |
| The ____ of the tibia is the site at which the 'knee cap' is attached. | tibial tuberosity |
| The ___ of the tibia is the 'shinbone.' | anterior crest |
| the medial 'ankle bone' is actually the ___ of the ____. | medial malleolus, tibia |
| The notch on the distal end of the tibia is the ____, and is the site of articulation with the fibula. | fibular notch |
| The ___ of the fibula articulates with the proximal end of the tibia. | head |
| The lateral 'ankle bone' is actually the ___ of the ___. | lateral malleolus, fibula |
| The region of the fibula that articulates with the talus of the foot is the___. | lateral malleolus |
| The foot is divided into three regions: the ____,____, and ___. | toes, metatarsus, tarsus |
| The bones of the toes, like the bones of the fingers, are called ___. | phalanges |
| The talus, nevicular, the three cuneiforms, the cuboid, and the calcaneus form the ____ and are collectively called the _____. | tarsus, tarsals |
| The major weight-bearing bones of the foot are ____ and ____. | talus, calcaneus |
| The ____ of the foot articulates superiorly with the tibia and laterally with the fibula. | talus |
| The talus articulates inferiorly with the ___. | calcaneus |
| The digits of the foot, like those of the hand, are numbered from 1 to 5: the great toe is number____. | 1 |
| The ____ and two ____ bones from the ball of the foot. | head of metatarsal1, sesamoid |
| Each of the toes is composed of three phalanges except the ____. | hallux |
| The three arches of the foot are the ___, ___, are ____. | lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal, transverse |
| True/False A child's arms and legs grow more slowly than the need. | FALSE |
| One detrimental change in old age is that the costal cartilage may ___. | ossify |
| One detrimental change in old age is that bones lose____. | mass |
| Bone loss due to age, in weight-bearing bones, can be delayed by ____ exercise. | weight-bearing |
| Calcification of cartilage due to age can be delayed by ____ the cartilage regularly. | flexing |
Created by:
jacksmac9638