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unit 10 chemistry
vocabulary terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| calorie | amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water by one degree Celsius |
| chemical potential energy | energy stored in a substance because of its composition; most is released or absorbed as heat during chemical reactions or processes. |
| energy | capacity to do work or produce heat; exists as potential energy, whish is stored in an object due to its composition or position, and kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion. |
| heat | form of energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler object. |
| joule | SI unit of heat and energy |
| law of conservation of energy | states that in any chemical reaction or physical process that energy may change from one form to another, but it is neither created nor destroyed |
| specific heat | amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a given substance by one degree Celsius |
| calorimeter | an insulated device that is used to measure the amount of heat released or absorbed during a physical or chemical process. |
| enthalpy | heat content of s system at constant pressure. |
| enthalpy (heat) of reaction | change in enthalpy for a reaction- the difference between the enthalpy of the substances that exist at the end of the reaction and the enthalpy of the substances present at the start. |
| surroundings | in thermochemistry, includes everything in the universe except the system. |
| system | in thermochemistry, the specific part of the universe containing the reaction or process being studied. |
| thermochemistry | the study of heat changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase changes |
| universe | in thermochemistry, is the system plus the surroundings |
| enthalpy (heat) of combustion | the enthalpy change for the complete burning of one mole of a given substance |
| molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion | amount of heat required to melt one mole of a solid substance |
| molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization | amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of a liquid |
| thermochemical equation | balanced chemical equation that includes the physical states of all of the reactants and the energy change, usually expressed ass the change in enthalpy. |
| Hess's law | states that if two or more thermochemical equations can be added to produce a final equation for a reaction, then the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual reactions is the enthalpy change for the final reaction. |
| standard enthalpy (heat) of formation | change in enthalpy the accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states |
| entropy | measure of the number of possible ways that the energy of a system can be distributed; related to the freedom of the system's particles to move and the number of ways they can be arranged. |
| free energy | energy available to do work; difference between the change in enthalpy and the product of the entropy change and the kelvin temperature |
| second law of thermodynamics | spontaneous processes always proceed in such a way that the entropy of the universe increases |
| spontaneous process | a physical or chemical change that occurs without outside intervention and may require energy to be supplied to begin the process. |
Created by:
mrsklann
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