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lecture
The Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When does the reproductive becomes active? | at puberty |
| What is the Reproductive system's function? | To perpetuate the species |
| Male Reproductive Organs (like classifications) | Primary, Secondary Internal, & Secondary External |
| Male's Primary Reproductive organ is? | Testes - where games are made |
| Scrotum contains ...? (Male's Reproductive organs) | 1) testes 2) Dartos muscle 3) cremaster muscle |
| Descending testes ...? When does this happen? What causes them to descend? (Scrotum- Male's Reproductive organs) | About 1-2 months before birth, the testes descend into the lower abdominal cavity and pass through the abdominal wall into the scrotum. This process is stimulated by testerone. |
| What happens if testes do not descend? (Scrotum - Male's Reporoductive organs) | This is a condition called crypto. The sperm cells are not produced due to increase in temperature. the male is not fertile. |
| crypto - (Scrotum - Male's Reproductive organs) | condition where the testes do not descend to the scrotum. The sperm cells cannot produce because of increase in temperature and the male is infertile |
| Dartos muscle (Scrotum - Male's Reproductive organs) | smooth muscle of the scrotum that wrinkles the scrotum |
| cremaster muscle (Scrotum - Male's Reproductive organs) | muscle of the scrotum that regulates temperature of the sperm. |
| How does the cremaster muscle work? (Scrotum - Male's Reproductive organs) | It will pull the scrotum closer to the body when it is cold (called shrinkage) and will relax if he is too hot. |
| Temperature of sperm has to be (Scrotum - Male's Reproductive organs) | regulated. This is especially important for men who are trying to have a child. (He may want to wear loose clothing like boxer shorts) |
| Structure of the Testes (Male's Reproductive organs) | Seminiferous tubules, Interstitial cells (cells of leydig), and rete testis |
| What are the Seminiferous tubules (Testes - Male's Reproductive organs) | highly coiled tubes where sperm is produced (sperm factories). They contain spermatogenic cells. From here the pathway goes to the Rete testis |
| Where does the sperm cells develop? In which organ? (Male's Reproductive organs) | Testes (in seminiferous tubules) |
| Rete testis (Testes - Male's Reproductive organs) | Gives rise to several ducts that join epididymous. It is between the tubules and epididymous. |
| Interstitial cells (Testes - Male's Reproductive organs) | cells that suround seminiferous tubules and secrete testerone and produce male gamees (cells of leydig) |
| Meiosis starts with the diploid cell (2n=4). - and ends w what & how many cells.? | meiosis. After meiosis you will get four non identical cells which will all be haphoid. (23 chromosomes or "n") |
| Definition of meiosis.... | Chromosome replication? |
| What happens during Meiosis Prophase I for males? | Tetrad formed by synapsis of replicated homologous chromosomes |
| What happens during Meiosis Metaphase I? (males) | Tetrads align at the metaphase plate (align in the middle) |
| What happens during Meiosis Anaphase I and ending result? (males) | Homologous chromosomes separte but sister chromatids remain together during anaphase (end w 2 daughter cells) |
| What happens during Meiosis II & ending result? (males) | No further chromosomal replication; sister chromatids separate during anaphase II. Ending w the four daughter cells (n, n, n, n) (usually gametes) |
| Describe the cells after Meiosis II (males) | each cell containing half as many chromosomes as the mother cell ( 23) (hence haploid or n); nonidentical to mother cell |
| In meiosis II why is the ending result of cell haploid? | To produce cells for reproduction (gametes); introduces genetic variability in the gametes and reduces chromosomal number by half so that when fertilization occurs, the normal diploid chromosomal number is restored (in humans 2n=46) |
| What are the Nuclear divisions of Meiosis & What phases are in each? | (Meiosis I & Meiosis II) - Two; each consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Does DNA replication occur between the two nuclear divisions of Meiosis I & II? | DNA replication does not occur between the two nuclear divisions (Meiosis I & II) |
| What is the chromosome synapse in Meiosis? Which division does it occur? | An event unique to meiosis is that during meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes synapse (join along their length), forming tetrads (groups of four chromotids) |
| What are tetrads? (meiosis I) | groups of four chromatids (during meiosis I) |
| Explain genetic variability in gametes (meiosis) | During meiosis the chromosomal number is reduced by half so that when fertilization occurs, the normal diploid chromosomomal number is restored (in humans, 2n=46) |
| Meiosis reduces chromosomal number by...? | 1/2.....n cell. |
| Spermatogenesis start at....? | puberty |
| Spermatogenesis What does it mean?(Male Reproductive) | creation of sperm |
| What does Sertoli's cells do? (spermatogenesis) | Support and nourish spermatogenic cells. (w sustenacular cells) |
| Spermatogenic cells- Name the five differenct stages (spermatogenesis) | Spermatogonia (stem cell), Spermatocytes primary (2n), Spermatocytes secondary (n), Spermatids (n), Spermatozoa (young sperm) |
| Spermatogonia & how many chromosomes? (Spermatogenesis) | Stem cell for spermatogenesis (46 chromosomes). Is developed by mitosis. (begins at the basal lamina as a precursor cell to the primary spermatocyte). Will grow & enter meiosis I & move into adluminal compartment. |
| Spermatocytes Primary (halphoid or diploid? & precursors to which cell?) (spermatogenesis) | Diploid cells in spermatogenesis. Presently they are 2n (46 chromosomes). They go through meiosis I and are precursors to the secondary spermatocytes |
| Secondary Spermatocytes- (meiosis I or II, halphoid or diploid? & precursors to which cell? (spermatogenesis) | haploid cells in spermatogenesis. During meiosis II. Have 23 chromosomes (n) (there are 2 cells at this point) Precursors to spermatids |
| Spermatids (spermatogenesis) | Also haploid cells (n) in spermatogenesis. There are four. There are early & late spermatids. precursors to spermatozoa (they only need to grow) |
| Spermatozoa (spermatogenesis) | Actual sperm that have the ability to fertilize an egg. They are the swimmers. (also haploid, n) 23 chromosomes. (These are the four spermatids that have grown into spermatozoa) |
| What point does meiosis I end & meiosis start? | Meiosis I is completed & II starts between the primary & secondary spermatocytes. This is where the diploid cells becomes haphoid cells |
| Structures of a sperm cell are? | Acrosome, head, midpiece, flagellum |
| Acrosome (structure of sperm cell) | located in the head of the sperm. It produces an enzyme called acrozyme which penetrates the egg. |
| acrozyme (structure of sperm cell) | Is produced by the Acrosome of the sperm. Is the enzyme that penetrates the egg. |
| Midpiece (structure of sperm cell) | contains lots of mitochondria. Need ATP because sperm cells have to do a lot of swimming. Very active |
| Flagellum (structure of sperm cell) | Propels out of the sperm cell (this is the tail) |
| Head (structure of sperm cell) | This is where the acrosome is located. |
| What happens to the egg once it has been fertilized? | Once penetrated the egg puts a force field (tanning?) around it so that other sperm cannot fertilize it again. |
| What are the two main accessory organs in the Male Reproductive system? (Male Internal accessory organs and glands) | Epidiymus & Vas deferens |
| Epidiymus (Male accessory organs & glands) | Accessory organ. Also known as the YMCA of the Reproductive system. Sperm cells mature and develop capacity to swim here. Sperm cells can be stored for several months. Stored until ready to be used. |
| What happens to sperm that is not used? (epidiymus - Male internal accessory organs and glands) | they will be reabsorbed by the body |
| Vas deferens (accessory organs, Male internal accessory organs and glands) | accessory organ that propels live sperm from the epidiymus to the urethra (from there out of the body) |
| Glands - Name 3 (Male Internal Accessory Organs and Glands) | Serminal vesicle, Prostate gland, bulbourethral gland (Cowpers gland) |
| Seminal vesicle (Male internal accessory organs and glands) | internal gland in the male that secretes alkaline fluid and fructose (for sperm nourishment. |
| The epididymus (male accessory organs) | will also produce glycogen to energize the sperm cell. (For the swimming journey) |
| Why does sperm need the alkaline fluid from the seminal vesicle? (male accessory glands) | The vagina is very acidic. The sperm needs the alkaline to reduce the acidic environment so that the cell can survive. |
| Bulbourethral gland (Cowpers gland) - (male accessory glands) | gland of the male reproductive system that produces fluid for lubrication. |
| What is semen? (male reproductive system) | Mixture of sperm and secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland. |
| What type of environment does the sperm have to have to survive? | PH of 7.2 - 7,6 (preferably 7.2) Sperm must be a a normal PH level and the temperature needs to be regulated |
| How much semen is ejaculated? | average is about 2, 5-5 ml with 50-150 million sperm per ml |
| What happens to the semen after it's been ejaculated in the female body? | sperm clump together, after 5-20 minutes clump dissolves and sperm swim as a group toward the egg. |
| Fibrinogen (Male reproductive system - glands) | is in semen (from seminal vesicle) - causes sperm to clump together. After about 5-20 minutes the clump dissolvdes and the sperm swim as a group toward the egg. |
| prostaglandins (glands, semen) | secreted by the seminal vesicle for muscle contraction in female |
| Prostate gland (glands, semen) | releases fibrinolysin which breaks clump |
| bulbourethral gland (glands, semen) | releases mucus and alkaline in semen. For lubrication and to neutralize female |
| Penis structures (male external organs) | erectile tissue, glans penis (head), prepuce |
| Function of penis (male external organs) | designed to deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract |
| erectile tissue in penis (male external organs) | Is highly vascular and has three columns. Corpora cavernosa has 2 layers & corpus spongiosum has 1 layer. |
| Glans penis (male external organs) | head of the penis |
| prepuce (male external organs) | foreskin of the penis (depending on circumcism) |
| How does the drug Viagra work (erection and ejaculation) | Increases NO (nitrate oxide) which is a vasodilator which increases blood flow. |
| Erection (Male reproductive) | Enlargement and stiffening of the penis |
| Involved in erection (male reproductive) | NO (nitrate oxide), and Parasympathetic control. |
| NO (erection - male reproductive) | nitrite oxide - a vasodilator which increases blood flow to the penis |
| Parasympathetic control (erection - male reproductive) | relaxing state a male is in during erection |
| Ejaculation (male reproductive) | Propulsion of semen from the male duct system |
| Sympathetic control (ejaculation - male reproductive) | ejaculation is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Fight or Flight. |
| Latent period (ejaculation - male reproductive) | the amount of time between the ability to have an erection/ejaculation. Amount of time increases w age. |
| Brain-Testicular Axis (hormonal conrol of male reproductive functions) | interaction between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and testes. |
| How the hormones controlled in the Male reproductive functions? | maintained by hormones secreted by hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes. |
| What do hormonal control initiate and maintain? | initiate and maintain sperm cell production, maintain development of male sex characteristics. |
| Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) (hormonal control of male reproductive function) | acts on sustentacular cells which produce/activate? testerone and cause spermatogenesis |
| Leutenizing hormone (LH) (hormonal control of male reproductive function) | acts on interstitial cells to produce testerone. |
| Secondary male characteristics | Do not involve sperm production. Causes men to have their male characteristics such as more body hair, deeper voice, more muscle |
| Hormone pathway of Brain - testicular axis (hormonal control of male reproductive functions) | Hypothalamus secretes GnRH to the anteior pituitary gland which secretes LH & FSH hormones. LH travels to the Interstitial cells signaling them to produce testerone. FSH which acts on sustentacular cells that produces testerone & cause spermatogenesis |
| Cells of leydig (structure of the testes) | also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Androgens | these are the sex hormones for the male. Androgenist means male. Testerone is the main one. |
| Androgens are mostly produced by....? (male sex hormones) | interstial cells of testes, but some by adrenal cortex (zona reticularis) |
| Which androgen is the most abundant? (male sex hormones) | testerone |
| Steroid hormone (male sex hormones) | Sometimes converted to dihydrotest. Is found mainly in prostate and seminal vesicles to stimulate cell production in these organs. |
| What happens to males hormonally who are between the ages of 13-15. (male sex hormones) | There's an increase in androgen productivity which is the beginning of puberty. After puberty testerone is produced. |
| How long can a male produce testerone? (male sex hormones) | He will produce it for the rest of his life and will have the ability to impregnate thoughout his lifetime. But, will decrease w age. |
| Actions of testerone (male sex hormones) | see quizlet - (fluid, electrolyte, & acid balance) |
| What are the primary reproductive organs for the female? | ovaries (produces gametes & egg) |
| What are the secondary internal reproductive organs for the female? | fallopian tubes, uterus, & vagina |
| What are the secondary external reproductive organs for the female? | Labia major, labia minor, clitoris, vestibule |
| Functions of the female reproductive organs | Specialized to produce and maintain the eggs, transport to site of fertilization, to provide a favorable environment for fetus, for offspring, to move offspring to outside, to produce sex hormones |
| oocyte is the largest...... (female reproductive) | cell in the human body and is found in the cortex of the ovaries |
| Ovaries location and structure (female reproductive) | located on each side of pelvic cavity against the lateral walls. Divided into a medulla and cortex. Cortex contains ovarian follicles-tiny masses of cells |
| ovaries are attached by (females reproductive) | ovarian ligament (anchors medially), suspensory ligament (anchors laterally), broad ligament (surround the other two ligaments) |
| Broad ligament (ovaries) | largest of all the ligaments, surrounds the other two ligaments |
| suspensory ligament (ovaries) | blood vessels and nerves, anchors laterally |
| ovarian ligament (ovaries) | anchors medially |
| ovaries have a cortex and a ...? | medulla and also where the ovarian follicles are found. |
| descent during development (ovaries) | they descend to pelvic brim |
| What are the follicles of the ovaries? | Primary, secondary, vesicular (graafian) |
| Primordial follicles (follicles and oogenesis) | small group of cell formed during prenatal development. Each cnsists of single large cell called a primary oocyte surrounded by layer of flattened epithelial cels called follicular cells. |
| Primary oocytes (oogonia) (follicles and oogenesis) | undergo meiosis (during prenatal development) but halts until puberty. This is all a female will have. Born w 300,000 - 400,000, only about 400 undergo oogenesis. (stem cells, 2n) |
| birth defects and older women? | ? |
| Oogenesis - Egg formation | at puberty, some primary oocytes (2n)are stimulated to undergo meiosis..secondary oocyte and 1st polar body divide unequally between the two. The polar body allows the oocyte to become larger than itself. (takes more cytoplasm) |
| Secondary oocyte (n) | will become future ovum that can be fertilized. If fertilization occurs then oocyte reproduces a tiny second polar body and a zygote that can give rise to an embryo. Polar bodies degenerate. |
| What is the outcome of oogenesis? | female will produce 1 mature ovum and 3 polar bodies |
| ovum (oogenesis) | cell can be fertilized but isn't yet. (comes after secondary oocyte) |
| zygote (oogenesis) | A fertilized egg that has potential to become a fetus. |
| Meiosis II starts (oogenesis) | between primary oocyte 2n and secondary oocyte n |
| If you are on birth control pills you don't ovulate so those eggs are......? | not in reserve. Eggs will be reabsorbed |
| During puberty FSH (Follicle Maturation and Ovulation) | During puberty FSH increases and enlarges the ovaries and mature some of the primordial follicles. |
| Zona pelluicida (follicle maturation and ovulation) | a layer of glycoprotein around the oocyte |
| During puberty the primordial follicle becomes a (follicle maturation and ovulation) | a primary follicle when the oocyte enlarges and the single layer of grannulosa cells becomes many layers and forms a zona pelluicida |
| Secondary follicle (follicle maturation and ovulation) | secondary follicle: granulosa cells multiply increasing the # of layers around oocyte. Irregular, small fluid filled spaces called vesicles form among granulosa cells. THEN THECA...CONT |
| Secondary follicle - starting w Theca (follicle maturation and ovulation) | Theca begin to form as secondar follicle enlarges. The secondary follicle continues to enlarge and forms antrum. Follicle is now mature (graafian). |
| Corona radiata (secondary follicle - follicle maturation and ovulation) | mass of cells radiating from oocyte |
| Secondary oocyte (follicle maturation and ovulation) | After the first meiotic division...secondary oocyte...begins second meitotic division & stops at metaphase II |
| Ovulation (follicle maturation and ovulation) | graafian follicle continues to swell, oocyte released from follicle along with some granulosa cells. |
| Following ovulation (follicle maturation and ovulation) | granulosa cells divide and for the corpus luteum. If no fertilization occurs luteum becomes corpus albicans. |
| Why was it common for girls during the 1800's to go through puberty around age 17 which is older than they do now? | More nourishment and hormones from our food has caused girls today to go through puberty much earlier than then. |
| What age is common for female puberty now in the US? | between ages 13 - 15. However we're starting to have females as early as 10 years old. |
| You have to have a certain BMI and weight to start...? | your period. |
| internal accessory organs of female reproductive system | fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina |
| fallopian tubes (internal accessory organs female reproductive) | also called oviducts and uterine tubes. opens into the uterine cavity. Fertilization occurs here |
| Fimbriae def & fxn (internal accessory organs female reproductive) | finger like projections that help to bring the egg in the fallopian tube just after ovulation |
| uterus (intenal accessory organs female reproductory) | receives embryo and sustains development. |
| areas of uterus (internal accessory organs female reproductory) | fundus, cervix |
| cervix (internal accessory organs female reproductory) | area of the uterus. It's the opening from uterus to vagina |
| endometrium (uterus - internal accessory organs female reproductive) | inner layer of uterus with columnar epi with lots of tubular glands. Lot of vascular tissue to help provide a good environment for the child |
| myometrium (uterus - internal accessory organs female reproductive) | thick muscular layer of uterus (middle layer) |
| perimetrium (uterus - internal accessory organs female reproductive) | outermost layer of uterus. covers body of uterus and cervix |
| vagina (internal accessory organs female reproductive) | tube that extends from the uterus to outside. |
| functions of vagina | intercourse, menstral flow, birth canal |
| Vulva (external organs female reproductive) | this is the whole thing. all of the exterior structures |
| labia majora (vulva - external organs female reproductive) | enclose and protect other external organs |
| Clitoris (vulva - external organs female reproductive) | analagous to penis |
| vestibule (vulva - external organs female reproductive) | space with vest glands hat secrete for lubrication |
| The menstrual cycle phases (female reproductive) | menarche, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase |
| Menstrual phase (menstrual cycle - female reproductive) | days 1-5, there's a decrease in estrogen and progesterone, loss of corpus luteum, sloughing of endometrial lining. Sometimes a headache because the estrogen level has declined. |
| Proliferation phase (menstrual cycle - female reproductive) | phase of menstrual cyclle of days 6-13. Estrogen is the primar hormone, increase in GnRh which causes FSH and LH to be released. The secondary oocyte released (ovulation), cervical mucous is think, progesterone increases last 1-2 days. |
| secretory phase (menstrual cycle - female reproductive) | Menstrural cycle phase of days 14-28. LH is the primary hormone. The spike in LH causes ovulation. Ovulation causes the corpus luteum and progesterone to be at the highest. Increase in endometrial lining. |
| Why is the cervical mucous think during the proliferation phase of the menstrual cycle? | So that the sperm to get through |
| Why does the endometrial lining of the uterus increase during the secretory phase of menstrual cycl | starts to get thicker because it's preparing an environment in case fertilization takes place. |
| What happens to the endometrial lining of the uterus if fertilization does not take place? | The corpus leutum is not going to be saved and it begins to degenerate. |
| What happens to the corpus leuteum if fertization takes place? | corpus leuteum will be saved to provide environment for embryo. |
| What happens during the secretory phase after about 1 week (round day 20)? | There's a decrease in GNRH and LH?????? |
| Female sex hormones are controlled by.......? | the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries |
| What are the female's main sex hormones? | estrogen & progesterone |
| Female sex hormones pathway......? | Hypothalamus secrets GnRH.......Anterior Pituitary Gland....which secretes FSH &LH....then estrogen & progesterone are released/produced. |
| Female sex hormones reproductively immature until about....? | 10 years |
| Primary source of estrogen and progesterone in non pregnant female is..... | ovaries |
| Functions of estrogen (female sex hormones) | 1)development of breasts 2) increased deposition of adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, buttocks 3) increased vascularization of the skin (female skin appears thinner) |
| Why would estrogen cause increased adispose tissue in the thigh & buttocks? | for protection during pregnancy and to protect reproductive organs. Also during weight gain during pregnancy puts pressure on lower extremities so the extra adispose helps to protect those areas. |
| Progesterone primary source (female sex hormones) | ovaries are also primary source of progesterone during non pregnancy (and so is estrogen) |
| Functions of progesterone (female sex hormones) | 1) promotes changes in the uterus, 2) affects mammary glands during reproductive cycle, 3) helps to regulate pituitary secretion of gonadotropins 4) androgens - pubic hair |
| refractory period (female sexual response) | there is no refractory period |
| orgasm (female sexual response) | not required for conception |
| When and what is menopause | Final menstrural bleeding occurs around 50 years. No period for 12 months is when you're considered to be in menopause. |
| What happens duirng Perimenopause (menopause) | Cycle becomes irregular and intervals between menses becomes longer. Estrogen levels begin to decline. |
| symptoms of menopause & perimenopause | see quizlet |
| Gonorrhea (sexually transmitted diseases) | STD. Infection treatable by antibiotics. Very contagious. |
| Syphilis (sexually transmitted diseases) | |
| Chlamydia (sexually transmitted diseases) | |
| Genital warts (sexually transmitted diseases) | |
| genital herpes (sexually transmitted diseases) |
Created by:
pkts68