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AICP Vol. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an SLDO? | Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance |
| What are Estimates? | measure of a present or past condition that cannot be measured directly because of a lack of resources (data, time, money) |
| What are Projections? | conditional statement about the future, describing what the future is likely to be if a given set of assumptions proves to be true; typically based on statistical models that extrapolate past and present trends into the future |
| What are Forecasts? | conditional statement about the future, describing what the future is likely to be; typically based on statistical models, but reflecting and incorporating the decisions and judgment of the analyst with respect to various factors. |
| Extrapolation Methods - characteristics | Good at the county level, bases growth on observed growth trends, watch out for mitigating factors |
| Cohort Component (aka Cohort Survival) - characteristics | Technically complicated, lots of data, good for large area projections like states or large metropolitan areas |
| Ratio/Step-down Method - characteristics | Less technically complicated, good for smaller area projections. The farther out the projection, the more the margin of error. |
| Line Item Budgets | Traditional municipal budgets are line item budgets, in which expenditures are divided into simple classes such as personnel, equipment, and insurance. However, line item budgets are not easily used as management tools. |
| Performance Budgets | (1) expenditures are organized by the services they provide (e.g., police, parks, etc…), and (2) evaluation standards set for each service or program – better suited for managing. The “Green Bible” lists 3 performance budget models: PPBS, ZBB, Dayton Syst |
| 3 types of Fiscal Impact Analyses | Net Present Value (>0 = monetary benefits outweigh costs); Benefit-Cost Analysis (>1, used to compare alternatives); Fiscal Impact (such as Per Capita Multiplier Method) |
| Economic base theory | Economic base techniques divide regional industries into two groups: Basic or export sectors and Non-basic or local sectors - Assumes that export or “base” industries drive reg. econ. growth. Rationale: region's exports represent comparative advantage |
| Economic Base Multiplier | TOTAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY/BASIC SECTOR ACTIVITY = EBM - An EBM of 3, for example, would mean that for every basic job/output/dollar, three non-basic jobs/outputs/dollars are created in the economy |
| What is GIS? | computer software used to display layers of information about a geo. location. Lines, points and areas used to display layers. Provides an efficient means for us to organize information about region and provides method to visually display information |
| What is MIS? | Management Information Systems: computer system for the management of people, projects, and information. Support business processes and operations, decision-making, and competitive strategies |
| shift share analysis | descriptive technique for analyzing sources of change in the regional economy by looking at national share, industry mix, and regional shift |
| 3 components of shift share analysis | National growth share: what part of local job growth is due to growth in the national economy; Industry mix: the effect of industry trends on local employment; Regional shift: unique local factors relating to local employment growth or decline |
| What is cumulative zoning? | Cumulative less protective of various land uses – SF residential districts most exclusive – cumulative zoning leads to each successive level to apply uses in previous zones – Euclidean is more segmented – X not allowed in Y zone, etc. – more specificity |
| What is Euclidean zoning? | Euclidean is more segmented – X not allowed in Y zone, etc. – more specificity |
| goal-setting components | GOAL: value-based statement OBJECTIVE: specific, measurable statement of a desired end; POLICY: rule or course of action that indicates how the goals and/or objectives of the plan should be realized; PROGRAM |
| Disaster mitigation act - what year and what did it do? | 2000-FEMA reqs S&L&Trib govs. as condition of mit. assist. Reqs foc.on. need for SLT gov to coord. mit. planning & implemen. State mit.plan req.- condition for assist. Incent's 4 coord. and integration of reqs at state lev. Reqs 4local plans and funding |
| What is NIMS? | National Incident Management System |
| What is ICS? | Incident Command System |
| What is NRF? | National Response Framework |
| What is NRP? | National Response Plan |
| What is ESF? | Emergency Support Function |
| What are the differences between staff and line functions? | Line functions - services provided directly to the public (fire, police, etc.) - Staff functions - help/assist line functions accomplish primary objectives (e.g. set policy, establish procedures, etc.) |
| What is the Dissimilarity index and how is it calculated? | Demographic measure of evenness w/ which 2 groups are distributed across geographic areas that make up a larger area. Applicable to categorical variables (demographic or not). Has been used in the study of social mobility . |
| What is the goal of the SmartCode? | Type of FBC - all scales. Transect-based dev. code. Keeps towns compact and rural lands open. Goal - reforming destructive sprawl. |
| What are Power Towns? | A new format - brings classic features of lifestyle centers to big-box venues. Adding restaurants, gyms, movie theaters, jogging paths — attracting tenants from the mall. Usually larger than power center, which often maxes out at 800K sq ft. |
| What is in a hazard mitigation plan? | Haz. Mit=reduce loss of life& prop by reduc. disaster impacts. Effective when implement. under a comp., long-term mit. plan. Find risks & vulnerabil. assoc.w/ nat. disasters &dev. LT strateg's. Key 2 break cycle. FEMA-approv.HM plan= condit. |
| Fred F. French Investing case | 1976 - Left open the door for TDR schemes that would be more protective of the right of an individual to a reasonable economic return. |
| Spur Industries case | 1972 - principles of nuisance law. Citing the "coming to a nuisance" doctrine, which prohibits equitable relief for a homeowner who purchases a home within the reach of the nuisance |
| How does RLUIPA work? | 2000-protect1st Amend right. "Strict scrutiny"1. relig & educ institut= bene 2 pub welfare, 2.court won't question legit, sinc. relig.prac, (3) munis must accom. relig,4.can't be zon out rel.(ceptHP) 5. taxpaying prop not legit purp. |
| What is Fishbowl planning? | Large group discuss= hard. Instead, smaller group (3–6) discusses while others (max 50) sit around outside and observe. If decisionmakers, can help bring transparency to decision-making and increase trust & understanding re issues. Usually has moderator, |
| 3 key characteristics of a successful staff report? | Compliance, consistency, compatibility |
| What is an R-value and what does it measure? | Insulation – rated w/r/t thermal resistance – measure is called “R-value” or “R-factor” – indicates resistance to heat flow – higher value = greater insulation. Minimum R value of 20 recommended for residential use. |
| What are the four major population estimation methods? | Step-down ratio, cohort survival, linear, symptomatic |
| What are the three key economic analysis methods? | Economic base, shift-share, and input-output analysis |
| What is the mediation method? | Neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured, multi-stage process to help parties reach satisfactory agreement. Assists parties in identify and articulating their interests and priorities. |
| What is the open space technique? | Allows people to propose topics to discuss – those interested choose to participate. Groups prepare summaries of discussion to share with entire group |
| What are the key parts of PPBS? | PPBS parts: 1 - Focus on fundamental objective(s) of a program - 2 Identifies future implications of current budgeting decisions 3- Considers costs; 4- Analyzes alternatives |
| What is zero-based budgeting? | Performance budgeting – developed in 1970s by TI – starts at 0 each year – each expenditure must be justified annually |
| What is the Dayton System? | Performance budgeting – combination of PPBS and zero-based |
| What is the CIP? | Capital Improvement Program - multi-year (4-6 years) scheduling of physical improvements based on fiscal analysis and population projections – sometimes uses innovative financing (e.g. TIF, special districts, etc.) |
| Traditional budgeting process steps | • Analyze trends (econ, demo) • Estimate revenue and expenditures • Evaluate expenditures relative to objectives • Forecast budgetary needs (4-6 yrs) • Prepare budget doc, implement review process • Adopt budget • Execute budget |
| Best method to protect farmland | Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) – land trusts purchase development rights from landowner |
| Cumulative vs. Euclidean zoning | Cumulative less protective of various land uses – SF residential districts most exclusive – cumulative zoning leads to each successive level to apply uses in previous zones – Euclidean is more segmented – X not allowed in Y zone, etc. – more specificity |
| What is a Variance? What's required? | Change to terms of zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship – use variance and area variance – two types. |
| Conditional Use Permit/Special Use Permit | Most districts have permitted and conditional uses – conditional requires obtaining a permit. |
| What is a Use Variance? | Exception allowed for alternative use (not explicitly in zoning district regulations) based on finding of hardship and acceptable impact |
| What is an Enterprise Fund? | Account established to manage revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity (e.g. golf course, zoo, parking garage, baseball park, etc.) |
| What is the gravity model? | Attempts to quantify complex trip generation relationships. Provides trip estimates based on relative attractiveness of zone – inversely proportional to trip length |
| What are US policies/goals regarding carbon emissions? | 2015 - US's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), is a formal statement of the U.S. target, announced in China last year, to reduce our emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025, and to make best efforts to reduce by 28%. |
| What is overlay zoning? | Regulatory tool that creates special zoning district, placed over an existing base zone(s), identifies special provisions in addition to those in the underlying zone. The OverDist can share common boundaries w base zone or cut across base zone boundaries. |
| What is survey bias? How does this relate to planning? | In survey sampling, bias refers to the tendency of a sample statistic to systematically over- or under-estimate a population parameter. A good sample is representative. |
| Floodplains | Areas of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding. |
| What are the different methods used for sampling? | Random, System – a list is developed, with every xth person selected, Stratified – a given population is divided into multiple strata (classes) from which sampling is conducted. Cluster, Convenience, Volunteer |
| What are the different traffic calming techniques? | Vert.deflections, horiz. shifts, and roadway narrowings intended to reduce speed and enhance street environ. for non-motorists. Closures (diag.diverters, 1/2 closures, full closures, and median barriers) intended 2 reduce cut-through traffic |
| What are development agreements? | DA= contract btw jurisdiction (e.g.city) and prop owner (e.g.developer). Sets the standards & condit's for dev. of the prop. Developer gets certainty (e.g. from ZO changes) - developer provides benefits in exch. (e.g. infrastruc., in lieu fees, parks) |
| What are easements and how are they used? | "An easement is a non-possessory right to use and/or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it." Conservation easement grants rights to a land trust to limit development in order to protect the environment. |
| Which pollutants are regulated by the Clean Air Act? | Nox, CO, Pb, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulates |
| What are VOCs? | Volatile Organic Compound – highly mobile organic compound such as petroleum, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, and solvents that readily evaporate at low temperatures |
| Aerial photograph vs. digital orthophoto | Former doesn’t allow for measurement of distances because no information about inclines, etc. former is “Conventional perspective” |
| When did William Penn lay out the Philadelphia grid pattern? | 1682 |
| Year - First model tenement built in Manhattan | 1855 |
| Homestead Act - Year and Significance | 1862 - opened lands of Public Domain to settlers for nominal fee and 5 years of residence. |
| John Wesley Powell | Wrote Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the US - 1878. Proposed plan to foster settlement and conserve water resources. |
| Henry George | 1869 - Progress and Poverty. Presents argument for diminishing inequality by single tax on land that would capture "unearned increment" of national development for public uses |
| Dumbbell Tenament | Debuted in 1879 - prior to law of 1901. Form of multifamily housing built in NY until end of century - notorious for poor conditions - lack of light, air, etc. Also called "old law tenements". |
| When was the USGS established? | 1879 |
| When was How the Other Half Lives published? | 1890 |
| When was the Sierra Club founded? | 1892 |
| Who is John Muir? | Scottish-American naturalist, leading founder of Sierra Club, instrumental in Yellowstone founding (?) |
| US v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co | 1896 - First significant HP legal case. Court found that acquisition of national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose. |
| Forest Management Act | 1897 - gave Sec. of Interior some control over use and occupancy of forest preserves |
| Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform - author and year | Ebenezer Howard, 1898 |
| Gifford Pinchot | Became chief forester of the USDA in 1898. Publicizes cause of forest conservation. |
| NYS Tenement House Law - year and significance | 1901 - Legislative basis for revision of city codes outlawing tenements such as Dumbbell tenements. Lawrence Vellier was lead reformer |
| Who was Lawrence Vellier? | Key advocate for 1901 passage of NYS Tenement House Law and Code - Father of Modern Housing Code |
| US Reclamation Act | 1902 - Created fund from sale of public land in arid states to supply water there through infrastructure construction |
| Letchworth | Constructed in 1903. First English Garden City - stimulus to New Town movement in the US (Greenbelt, etc.) |
| Public Lands Commission | 1903 - President Roosevelt created - to propose rules for orderly land development and management |
| NY Committee on the Congestion of Population | 1907 - Founded. Fostered movement, led by Secretary Benjamin Marsh, to decentralize NY's dense population. |
| Inland Waterway Commission | 1907 - President Roosevelt establishes to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development (navigation, power, irrigation, flood control, etc.) |
| White House Conservation Conference | 1908 - governors, federal officials, and leading scientists assemble to deliberate about conservation of natural resources |
| First National Conference on City Planning | 1909 - Washington, DC |
| Plan of Chicago | Published in 1909 - Daniel Burnham. First metropolitan plan in the US |
| James Sturgis Pray | 1909 - Possibly the first course in city planning - Harvard's Landscape Arch Dept. |
| Frederick Winslow Taylor | 1911 - The Principles of Scientific Management - fountainhead of efficiency movements - including city government efficiency |
| Walter Moody | 1912 - Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago - adopted as 8th grade textbook on city planning - possibly the first formal instruction below university level. |
| Charles Mulford Robinson | Held first Civic Design chair at Univ of IL - 1913 - principal promoter of 1893 Chicago World's Fair. |
| Flavel Shurtleff | 1914 - Carrying Out the City Plan - first major textbook on city planning |
| In what year was the Panama Canal completed? | 1914 |
| Harland Bartholomew | first full time city planning employee - of Newark, NJ in 1914 |
| Cities in Evolution - author and year | Patrick Geddes - 1915 |
| First comprehensive zoning resolution adopted - when and by whom? Who was involved? | NYC, 1916 - adopted by NYC Board of Estimates - under leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett |
| Explain the term satisficing and who coined the term and when. | Combination of satisfy and suffice. Herbert Simon in 1956, first in 1947. S. used it to explain behavior of decisionmakers under situation where optimal solution can't b determined. Rat'l choice theory is unrealistic - referred to as bounded rationality. |
| On average, what percentage will be saved of your cooling costs by closing off air conditioning vents in an unoccupied room? | 5-10% |
| What are PSD standards? What do they deal with? What does PSD stand for? | Regulations to prevent the significant deterioration of very high quality airsheds. Prevention of Significant Deterioration |
| EPA document that will identify where additional research, data quality improvements, and information are needed | Indicators Initiative |
| Fishbowl planning | Through workshop formats people work through proposals |
| What does POB stand for in metes and bounds surveying? | Point Of Beginning |
| Key features/ principles in a PUD | 1) a mixture of uses, 2) creativity in design, 3) flexibility in density |
| A name that refers to those born between 1979 and 1995? (I.e. children of baby boomers) | Echo Boom |
| Hoshin planning is a type of what? | Strategic planning |
| According to the ITE's "Parking Generation", which of the following has a peak parking space factor of 1.0 - 5.0 spaces per 1,000 sq. ft. GLA? | A shopping center (larger than 600,000 sq.ft.) |
| Legally, what cannot be used to describe real estate? | An address - e.g. 1234 Main Street |
| What can be used legally to describe real estate? | 1. Metes and Bounds, 2. Rectangular Survey, 3. Lot and Block |
| What is the Community Character Act? | |
| What are oligotrophic lakes? | Deep lakes that have a low supply of nutrients and thus contain little organic matter. |
| What are eutrophic lakes? | Lakes type with high production, associated with high nitrogen and phosphorus. |
| What are acidotrophic lakes? | Lake type with low production, with pH values less than 5.5. |
| What are alkalitrophic lakes? | Lake type with low production, associated with high calcium concentrations. |
| Are are argillotrophic lakes? | Lake type with low production, associated with high clay turbidity. |
| What are siderotrophic lakes? | Lake type with low production, associated with high iron content. |
| What are dystrophic lakes? | Lake type with low production, associated with high humic color. |
| What are percolation tests? | "Perc test" - determines absorption rate of soil for a septic drain field/"leach field". The results are required to properly design a septic system. Involves observing how quickly a specific vol. of water dissipates into subsoil of specific surface area. |
| What are types of percolation tests? | Tile Field, Sandmound, Deep Trench |
| What does a zoning hearing master do? | Presides over rezoning proceedings that are treated as quasi-judicial actions |
| Type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. | Marsh |
| Delphi method (per PlanningPrep) | Series of questionnaires sent out, to a pre-selected group of expert |
| How does PlanningPrep describe a GAM? | A method of reviewing project alternatives by weighing alternatives according to the citizen group's goals |
| Characteristics of Chicago Metropolis 2020 plan | A) Headed by members of the Commercial Club's Civic Committee, B) a small professional staff, C) the purpose of creating a new regional plan to address growth issues between the city and the suburbs |
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