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12. Put the following events in the process of signal-transduction in order:
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11*. A gap junction is a channel that connects adjacent cells. What kinds of substances can pass through a gap junction?
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BIOL211.ex2
ex2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 12. Put the following events in the process of signal-transduction in order: | 3-A signal molecule binds to a receptor, 1-A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activates an enzyme, 2-Protein kinases are activated. 5-Second messenger molecules are released, 4-Target proteins phosphoryla |
| 11*. A gap junction is a channel that connects adjacent cells. What kinds of substances can pass through a gap junction? | all of these: ions that can regulate heartbeat, raw materials of the neighboring cells for protein synthesis, Cytosolic materials of the neighboring cells |
| 22*. ATP is | all of above: short-term, energy-storage compound, the cell's principle compound for energy transfer, the molecule all living cells rely on to do work |
| 25*. Which of the following is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration | conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
| 1. What is the most likely role of a cell that contains an extensive smooth ER? | It synthesizes large quantities of lipids. |
| 2. What is the site of synthesis of proteins for export (secretion from the cell)? | ribosomes that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| 3. Which of the following is not a characteristic that chloroplasts and mitochondria share? | They are both present in all eukaryotes. |
| 4. Which of the following represents a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? | Eukaryotic cells tend to have much more extensive inner membrane systems and larger numbers of intracellular organelles than do prokaryotes. |
| 5. You have a distant cousin, age 4, who is always tired and fatigued and is not able to play games and sports like other healthy children. He is most likely to have an enzyme deficiency or defect associated with which intracellular organelle? | mitochondria |
| 6. What is the function of the nuclear pore complex? | It regulates movement of materials across the nuclear envelope. |
| 7. Osteocytes are bone cells. Collagen fibers and calcium salts are found in abundance between and among the osteocytes. The collagen and calcium salts are __ | part of the extracellular matrix. |
| 8. All of the following can be proteins found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells except | actin. |
| 9. Streptococcus mutans is a common oral bacterium that forms dental plaque, which if not removed often results in tooth decay. What component of S. mutans is responsible for the formation of dental plaque? | extracellular matrix materials (slime layer) of the organism |
| 10. In the photosynthesis lab, blowing into the indicator dye bromph. Blue via a soda straw turned the color of the indicator into yellow because of the generation of __ | acidic condition in the solution (NOT 'none of the above') |
| 13. Plasmodesmata are cell-cell junctions that can be found between | plant cells. |
| 14. Hormones function as | signal molecules. |
| 15. A G-protein receptor with GTP bound to it ____. | is in its active state. |
| 16. The ATP molecule has a great deal of energy in its | the closely spaced negative charges associated with the phosphate groups. |
| 17. What electron carrier(s) function in the Krebs cycle? | both NAD+ and FAD |
| 18. The electron transport chain is a series of redox reactions. (T/F) | true |
| 19. The energy of electron transport serves to move (translocate) protons to the outer mitochondrial compartment. How does this help the mitochondrion to produce energy? | The translocation of protons sets up the electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. |
| 20. The chemiosmotic hypothesis is an important key to understanding general metabolism because it explains how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force (T/F) | true |
| 21. The right order of the physical locations for the glycolysis, fermentation, TCA (Krebs) cycle, ETC are | cytoplasm, cytoplasm, mitochondria, mitochondria |
| 23. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is known as | fermentation |
| 24. The main function of cell respiration is to produce | ATP |
| 26. In human cells (muscle cells) the fermentation process produces | lactic acid |
| 27. The proteins of the electron transport chain active in the light-dependent reactions | are membrane proteins present in the thylakoid. |
| 28. Besides proteins, thylakoid membranes must contain a large number of molecules in the reaction centers in order to harvest light energy. | pigment |
| 29. In autumn, the leaves of deciduous trees change colors. This is because the chlorophyll is degraded, and ___ | the carotenoids and other pigments are still present in the leaves. |
| 30. The light-independent reactions of plants function to make organic molecules using carbon dioxide as a carbon source. What is the electron source that helps reduce carbon dioxide to sugars and other organic molecules? | NADPH |
| 31. How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis related? | The products of light-dependent reactions are used in light-independent reactions. |
| 32. Stomata, openings in the leaf, are important to photosynthesis for___ | entry of carbon dioxide that is used in the Calvin cycle. |
| 33. Which of the following statements concerning chloroplasts is false? | They are unrelated to plastids. |
| 34. A parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells in the process of mitosis. For mitosis to take place ___. | B) the parent cell must replicate its entire genome prior to mitosis. |
| 35. Metaphase occurs prior to the splitting of centromeres. It is characterized by __ | aligning of chromosomes on the equator. |
| 36. Nerve cells lose their ability to undergo mitosis. Instead, they are permanently stuck in __ | G0. |
| 37. What happens when MPF (mitosis-promoting factor) is introduced into immature frog oocytes that are arrested in G2? | The cells enter mitosis. |
| 38. If a cell has accumulated DNA damage, it is unlikely to __ | pass the G2 checkpoint. |
| 39. Which of these sequences correctly describes the cell cycle?__ | S to G2 to prophase to metaphase to anaphase to telophase |
| 40. sister chromatids form in G1 phase of the cell cycle (T/F) | false |
| 41. DNA synthesis takes place in ___ | S phase |
| 42. The longest period of a cell's life cycle is | interphase |
| 43. The function of checkpoints in the cell cycle is | to regulate progression from one phase to another phase of the cell cycle |
| 44. The kinetochore is a protein structure where the sister chromatids are attached to the spindle fibers. (T/F) | true |
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boborii