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Science Chapter 2
Weathering and Soils
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In a cross section of soil, the B horizon consists of... | clay, minerals, and little humus |
| The agent of mechanical weathering in which rock is worn away by the grinding action of other rock particles is called... | abrasion |
| In conservation plowing, why are dead weeds and stalks of the previous year's crop left in the ground? | to retain moisture and hold the soil in place |
| The geological principle stating that the same processes that operate today also operated in the past is called.... | uniformitarianism |
| The growth of plant roots and animal activity may result in... | mechanical weathering |
| A marble statue is left exposed to the weather. Within a few years, the details on the statue have begun to weather away. This weathering probably is caused by... | carbonic acid in rain water |
| Living organisms in soil help to... | mix the soil and make humus |
| The texture, or particle size, of soil determines... | how much air and water the soil can hold |
| The most important factors in determining the rate of weathering are... | rock type and climate |
| Plowing removed the grass from the Great Plains and exposed the soil. What effect did this have when a drought struck the Great Plains during the 1930s? | It helped to cause the Dust Bowl |
| The practice of plowing fields along the curves of a slope is called... | contour plowing |
| Most of the work of mixing humus within the soil is done by... | earthworms |
| What kind of weathering causes the mineral composition of rocks to change? | chemical weathering |
| The type of soil called loam is made up of... | nearly equal amounts of silt, sand, and clay |
| How long did it take for the thick, fertile soil of the North American prairies to develop? | thousands of years |
| Granite lasts a long time when it is used for building in areas where the climate... | is cool |
| Geologists infer from the rounded eroded shapes of the Appalachian Mountains that... | the mountains have been eroding for millions of years |
| Soil formation would take place most rapidly with the weathering of... | limestone in a warm, wet climate |
| A rock containing iron becomes soft and crumbly and reddish-brown in color. It probably has been chemically weathered by.... | oxygen |
| What term describes the management of soil to prevent its destruction? | soil conservation |
| A hot and wet climate causes weathering to take place... | rapidly |
| A permeable rock weathers easily because it... | contains many small, connected airspaces. |
| Soil formation begins with the weathering of... | bedrock |
| In which soil layer would you find loam that is rich in humus? | A horizon |
| Decomposers are the soil organisms that.. | break down and digest the remains of dead organisms |
| Soil is a valuable resource because it... | is important to all living things on land. |
| Ice wedging causes mechanical weathering of rick by means of... | freezing and thawing of water |
| What can cause the loss of soil that is not protected by plant cover? | erosion by water or wind |
| When earthworms add their wastes to the soil then die and decay in the soil, they are contributing to the formation of... | humus |
| Soil that is rich in humus has high... | fertility |
| The rate of chemical weathering is ______ in hot, wet climates than in cold, dry climates. | faster |
| After chemical weathering, the chemical makeup of the weathered rock is _______ as that of the original rock. | different |
| A thick mass of tough roots called _______ kept the fertile soil of the prairies in place and held on to moisture. | sod |
| The loose material on EArth's surface that contains weathered rock particles and humus is ________. | topsoil |
| The loose layer of leaves on the surface of the soil is called _____. | litter |
| The ____ horizon is a soil layer containing only partly weathered rock. | B |
| The type of weathering that occurs due to release of pressure is __________ . | mechanical weathering |
| The movement of rock particles by ice, wind, water, or gravity is called __________. | erosion. |
| The practice of plowing fields along the curves of a slope is called_________. | contour plowing |
| To restore soil's fertility, a farmer might plant legumes as part of a soil conservation technique called _________. | crop rotation |
| The best type of soil in which to grow plants is called... | loam |
| The thick mass of grass roots that helps hold prairie soil in place is called... | sod |
| One agent of chemical weathering is ______ which combines with water to form carbonic acid. | carbon dioxide |
| A rock that contains tiny, connected spaces through which water can move is said to be _______. | permeable |
| Some plants produce acids that result in ______ weathering. | chemical |
| Sandy top soil is said to be _______ because water drains quickly through the spaces between the sand particles. | permeable |
| In the Great Plains, ________ removed the grass and exposed the soil to wind erosion. | plowing |
| The loose layer of plant remains that accumulates on the ground is called _______. | litter |
| The actions of animals most commonly can cause the type of weathering known as __________. | mechanical |
| In the 1930s, an area in the southern Plains states was named the ________ because the topsoil turned to dust. | Dust Bowl |
| By leaving crop roots in the ground and stalks on the surface no-till plowing helps prevent _________. | soil erosion |
| Water and wind can _______ soil, or carry it away. | erode |
| Rapid chemical weathering can be caused by _______, which is rain combined with pollutants. | acid rain |
| Soil began to form when the solid layer of rock called _____ weathers. | bedrock |
| One cause of mechanical weathering is _______, or the wearing away of rock by rock particles. | abrasion |
| You would probably find the most decomposers in the soil layer called the _______. | A horizon |
| Two factors that determine the rate of weathering are the type or rock and the ________. | climate |
| Humus makes soil ______, or rich in nutrients that plants need to grow. | fertile |
| A type of plowing known as ________ helps conserve soil by disturbing it as little possible. | conservation plowing |
| Bacteria and fungi in soil are called ________ because they break down dead plants and animals. | decomposers |
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7thgrade