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AP2
Section 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| blood composition | plasma 55%; formed elements 45% |
| make up of blood plasma | proteins 7%; water 91%; other solutes 2% |
| proteins in plasma | albumins 57%; globulins 38%; fibrinogin 4%; prothrombin 1% |
| albumin | plasma protein; liquid gold; facilitates osmosis in blood vessles; found only in blood stream |
| fibrinogin & prothrombin | plasma proteins; blood clotting; always in system |
| make up of formed elements | 99% erythrocytes; solid portion of blood |
| erythrocytes | RBC's; bi-concave disk, stains pink, no nucleus, transports O2 & CO2; lives 3-4 months |
| buffy coat | platelets & leukocytes |
| hematocrit/packed cell volume (PCV) | volume % of RBC in whole blood |
| anemia | reduced hematocrit value; inability to carry sufficient oxygen to body cells |
| polycythemia | condition of many blood cells (physiological is the normal process, i.e. living in the mountains) |
| platelets | thrombocytes; fragments of cells; helps form clots |
| leukocytes | basophil; eosinophil; neutrophil, lymphocyte, moncyte |
| granulocytes | basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil |
| hemoglobin | red protein pigment; primary component of RBC; formed by 4 protein chains (globins) each with heme group; each heme group has 1 iron atom |
| bicarbonate ions | formed by disassociation of carbonic acid |
| erythropoiesis | process of creating new RBC |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | hormone that starts erythropoiesis; releases glycoprotein hormone when O2 decreases |
| agranulocytes | lymphyocytes; monocytes |
| platelet | fragments; cytoplasm stains pink; releases clot activating substances helps in formation of clots forming platelet plugs |
| leukocytosis | increase in number of WBC; caused by leukemia & bacterial infections |
| Complete blood cell count | one of the most useful blood tests; gives characteristics of the formed elements |
| CBC Mneumonic | never let my engine blow 60 30 8 2 0 |
| *never | neutrophils; 60; acute bacterial, stress, fungi; multi-lobed; cellular defense |
| *my | monocytes; 8; chronic bacterial; kidney bean/horseshoe shaped convoluted surface; humoral defense |
| *engine | eosinophils; 2; allergies & large parasites; 2 lobed; humoral defense |
| *blow | basophil, 0; inflammation; 2 lobed; cellular defense |
| blood clotting/coagulation | interrealted functions of hemostasis |
| platelet plug | platelets stick to damaged lining of vessel and to each other to stop flow of blood into tissues |
| 3 mechanisms to stop bleeding | vasospasm; platelet plug; coagulation |
| vasospasm | constriction of smooth muscle fibers in wall of damaged blood vessel |
| thrombopoiesis | produce platelets |
| anitgens | glycoproteins |
| clotting pathway | stage 2: prothrombin activator > prothrombin > thrombin in presence of Ca++ activates stage 3: fibrinogen > fibrin > fibrin clot (scab) |
| extrinsic pathway | stage 1- tissue damage |
| intrinsic pathway | stage 2- foreign body comes in contact with damaged blood vessel |
| blood serum | pale yellowish liquid after clot is formed |
| thrombosis | abnormal formation of clots |
| Aspiration Biopsy Cytology (ABC) | medical procedure to take bone marrow samples |
| bone marrow transplant | procedure that can be used if bone marrow is damaged |
| blood loss anemia | hemorrhages associated with trauma, extensive surgeries or other situations involving blood loss |
| chromic | changes in hemoglobin |
| leukemia | cancer of wbc |
| infectious mononucleosis | virus in saliva; affects ages 15-25 |
| hemophilia | inherited disorder; failure of the plasma proteins that cause clotting |
| thrombocytopenia | clotting disorder resulting from decrease in platelet count |
| Prothrombin Time | tests blood clotting time; control value is 11-12.5 seconds |
| bloods portion of total body weight? | 8% |
| hemoglobin carries how many oxygens | 4 |
| increased CO2 | increases respiration |
| oxyhemoglobin | one hemoglobin united with 4 oxygen |
| pulmonary circuit | deoxygenated blood to lungs; right sides; svc & ivc; "pulmonary trunk"; lungs; arteries |
| systemic circuit | oxygenated blood to body; left sides; veins; aorta & body |
| # of blood types | 8 |
| universal recepient | AB+ |
| ALL | most common blood cancer in children 3-7; non-life threatening; cancerous cells crowd out bone marrow |
| AML | pathological transformation of myeloid stem cells; account for 80% of acute leukemia in adults with 70% fatality; 20% acute leukemia in kids with 50% fatality |
| anemia of chronic disease | not enough energy to make blood; inflammatory disease & cancer |
| aplastic anemia | destruction of bone marrow from drugs, toxic chemicals, radiation |
| blood type | cell markers or antigens present on RBC membranes |
| carbaminohemoglobin | hemoglobin united with carbon dioxide |
| carbonic anyhydrase (CA) | catalyzes a reaction to join water and carbon dioxide in the RBC to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| chemotaxis | WBC's following chemical train to infection site |
| CLL | geriatric leukemia, over 65 non-life threatening |
| CML | most often found in adults 25-60; affect granulocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) |
| diapedesis | phagocytic leukocytes migrate (walk through walls) out of blood stream and into tissue |
| embolism | part or all of clot circulating through blood stream |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | Rh- mother & Rh+ father create hemolytic conditions that react with baby Rh factor; RhoGam shots given to prevent |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | anti-coagulated blood gravity test; the longer sedimentation takes, the more inflammation |
| folate deficiency anemia | deficiency of folic acid B9; common with alcoholism |
| hematopoieic stem cells (hemocytoblast) | original stem cell; forms all 5 precursor cells |
| adult stem cells | have ability to maintain constant population of differentiating cells of a specific type |
| hemolytic anemia | broken blood cells (abnormal hemoglobin); i.e. sickle cell & thalassemia |
| hemostasis | blood stoppage |
| heparin | anti-coagulant (thrombin); blood thinner, makes cells less sticky; keeps scabs out of blood stream |
| chromic | hemoglobin content (hyper, high; hypo, low) |
| iron deficiency anemia | depletion of iron through hemorrhage; wound healing, pregnancy, low intake; most common nutritional deficiency in the world |
| leukopenia | low wbc |
| *let | lymphocyte- 30; viral; single-lobed; humoral defense |
| multiple myeloma | cancer of plasma cells; most common and deadly blood related cancer in people over 65 |
| universal donor | O- |
| pernicious anemia | B12 deficiency; stomach lining fails to produce intrinsic factor (which allows absorption) |
| thrombin | fibrinogen kinase |
| bicarbonate buffer system | most important formula in body; takes place inside of RBC: CO2 + H2O <carbonic amylase> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) <disassoicates> H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate) |
| Factor 13 | stabilizes Fibrin; forms mesh net |
| Where does Apex of heart lay? | on the diaphragm; 5th intercostal space |
| Where does the base of the heart lay? | 2nd intercostal space |
| artery | blood away from heart |
| vein | blood to heart |
| auricle | ear flap of atrium that fills with blood |
| epicardium | outer surface attached to the heart; actual the visceral layer of the pericardium, "on the heart" |
| septum | divides the heart into chambers; covered by fatty tissue |
| sinus | location to pool blood |
| pericardium | loose fitting,in-extensible sac that covers the heart |
| pericardial space | contains 10-15 mL of pericardial fluid |
| pericardial fluid | lubricating substance secreted by serous membrane |
| fibrous pericardium | tough, loose fitting, in-elastic sac around the heart |
| serous pericardium | 2 layers; parietal & visceral |
| myocardium | cardiac muscle cells |
| endocardium | interior lining of myocardial wall |
| trabeculae carneae | "fleshy beams"; add force to inward contraction of heart wall |
| atria | 2 superior chambers of heart; "receiving chambers"; receive from veins |
| interatrial septum | separates atria into right and left chambers |
| ventricles | 2 inferior chambers; primary pumping chambers; receive blood from atria and pump into arteries |
| interventricular septum | separates right and left ventricles |
| chordae tendineae | anchors pappillary muscles |
| tricuspid valve | right atrioventricular valve |
| bicuspid valve | mitral valve; left atrioventricular valve |
| pulmonary valve | semilunar valve at the entrance of pulmonary trunk |
| aortic valve | seminlunar valve at the entrance of aorta |
| coronary arteries | "crown"; 2 small vessels that provide blood to myocardial cells |
| anastomosis | provide detours |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | death of ischemic heart muscle cells, true heart attack |
| Ascending aorta (right coronary artery) (coronary artery blood flow) | *RPM- RCA to *P*osterior interventricular > atrioventricular nodal artery > posterior septal artery; RCA to Marginal artery > Acute Marginal artery |
| Ascending aorta (left coronary artery) (coronary artery blood flow) | LCA to anterior introventricular branch (left anterior descending (LAD) branch) > anterior septal artery; LCA to circumflex branch > anterior and posterior ventricular branches |
| How many miles of vessels carry blood through your body? | more than 60k |
| angiogenesis | vessel development; begins during embryonic and continues through life |
| elastic arteries | conducting arteries, largest in body, including aorta and some of its branches |
| muscular arteries | distributing arteries; carry blood further away from heart to specific organs |
| arteriles | resistance vessels, smallest arteries; increase resistance to blood flow and help regulate blood pressure |
| metarteriole | short connecting vessel; connects true arteriole with proximal end of capillaries and extends through capillary bed |
| true capillaries | receives blood out of metarteriole or other small arterioles |
| venules | first venous structures; diapedesis in the pores |
| venous sinus | large venous structure that pools blood |
| continuous capillaries | capillaries with small openings called intercellular clefts between them; skeletal muscle, lungs, & connective tissue |
| tunica externa | outer layer of blood vessels; tunica adventitia; smooth muscle |
| tunica media | middle layer |
| tunica intima | inside layer |
| portal system | blood flowing through systemic circulation passes through 2 consecutive capillary beds rather than 1 |
| vascular anastomosis | merger of blood vessels |
| arterial anastomosis | merger of arteries |
| arteriovenous anastomosis | shunts; blood flows from artery to vein without passing through capillary bed |
| 5 major segements of aorta | ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta |
| common | split into external and internal |
| cerebral arterial circle | circle of Willis |
| posterior communicating a. | anastomosis; backup |
| basilar a. | arabic for central |
| digital arteries | have 2 arteries around each digit except thumb |
| dorsalis pedis artery | location that you can check pulse |
| brachialsephalic | there is no left or right in arteries but there is in veins |
| cephalic vein | arabic for outside |
| median cubital vein | blood draws |
| great saphenous vein | largest vein in body; source of bypass in bypass surgery; most common location for varicose vein |
| umbilical arteries | 2; branches of internal iliac; carry fetal blood to placenta; becomes umbilical ligament |
| placenta | attached to uterine wall; gas exchange between mother and fetus |
| umbilical vein | returns oxygenated blood from placenta; becomes round ligament |
| ductus venosus | 50% of blood bypasses liver; becomes ligamentum venosum |
| foramen ovale | 75% of blood passes from right atrium to left atrium; becomes fossa ovalis |
| ductus arteriosus | bypasses 20% of blood leaving 5% for the lungs; becomes ligaemtnum arteriosum |
| Which valves have chordae tendineae? | tricuspid and mitral valve |
| pericardial effusion | fluid accumulates in pericardial space |
| cardiac tamponade | pericardial effusion causes compression of the heart |
| pericardiocentesis | surgical procedure to remove fluid |
| stenotic | narrowed valve |
| regurgitation | leaky valve |
| prolapse | broken valve that extends backward into atrium |
| atresia | missing valve |
| What type of infection leads to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease? | streptococcal |
| Which valve is most common in prolapse & why? | mitral- because it only has 2 cusp |
| Which valve is most common in regurgitation? | leaky aortic semilunar valve eject forward in to mitral valve and backward into left ventricle |
| volvuloplasty | surgical procedure to replace valve |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | tissue death occurs to heart often leading to death of patient |
| atherosclerosis | hardening of arteries |
| arteriosclerosis | weakening of arteries |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | left-sided heart failure; chronic systemic hypertension |
| pulmonary edema | leads to right-sided heart failure |
| What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | genetic defect |
| angioplasty | insert a balloon into artery to open up a plaque location |
| stents | mesh tube inserted to keep artery open |
| 2 locations where aneurysms are found | brain & heart |
| 2 medical names for aneurysms | Berry & AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm |
| thunderclap | headache that happens with Berry |
| 2 causes of CVA | embolism or ruptured aneurysm |
| hemorrhoid | varicose vein in anal canal; piles |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | clot in the deep veins of the leg |
| pulmonary embolism | dangerous condition of clot traveling to lungs; 1/3 will die |
| anticoagulants | medication prevent clot formation |
| beta blockers | medication blocks NE receptors reducing rate and strength of contraction |
| calcium channel blockers | medication reduces strength of contractions by blocking calcium from muscle |
| digitalis | medication slows heart, increases contraction strength; produced by foxglove plant |
| nitroglycerin | medication that dilates coronary blood vessels increasing oxygen to muscle |
| tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) | dissolves clots already formed, $30k |
| sinusoid capillary | incomplete basement membrane, large lumen |
| angina pectoris | sever chest pain |
| cardiomyopathy | different types of heart disease that result in abnormal enlargement |
| hypertension | the silent killer |
| peripheral vascular or arterial disease (PVD/PAD) | blood slows in peripheral tissue (hands, legs, or feet); results in ischemia |
| ischemia | decreased blood supply that can lead to necrosis |
| gangrene | any ischemia infection |
| vasodilators | i.e. NO; arteries dilate |
| atherectomies | lasers or drills are used to clear plaque buildup |
| phlebitis | vein inflammation |
| thrombophlebitis | acute phlebitis caused by clot formation |
| atrial split | minute difference between right and left beat |
| depolarization of heart cell | shrinks heart cell size |
| SA node | sends depolarization pushing blood through to right ventricle; slows heart down; pacemaker |
| firing order | SA node; internodal bundle & fibers; AV node; AV bundle (of HIS); right & left AV bundle branches; Purkinje fibers |
| ectopic pacemaker | out of place; surgically places pacemaker |
| electrocardiogram | ECG when written; EKG when spoken; graphic record of of hearts electrical activity |
| P wave | depolarizaton of atria; |
| QRS complex | depolorization of ventricle; atria are repolarizing during this phase |
| T wave | repolarization of ventricle |
| U wave | late repolarization; sign of hypokalemia; possible from Foxglove or digoxin |
| hypokalemia | low blood potassium |
| cardiac cycle | contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) |
| atrial systole | contraction |
| isovolumetric contraction | ventrioles contract; arterioles relax |
| reduced ventricular filling- diastasis | relaxation of heart |
| R wave | onset of ventricular systole and appearance of first heart sound |
| residual volume | blood that remains in ventricles at end of ejection (contraction) period |
| heart sound | lubb-dubb |
| first systolic sound | vibrations from closing of AV valves |
| 2nd diastolic sound | vibrations from closing of semi-lunar valves |
| heart murmur | swishing sound; possible incomplete closing of valves |
| primary principle of circulation | a fluid flows only when its pressure is higher in one area than in another, always flows high to low pressure |
| cardiac output (CO) | amount of blood out of ventricle per unit of time: CO = SV X HR |
| average heart rate | 72 |
| stroke volume (SV) | volume of blood pumped out of ventricle per beat systole - diastole |
| How much blood in body? | approx 5 L |
| How often is blood recycled through the body? | approx once/minute |
| Starlings Law of the heart | the longer or more stretched fibers are at the beginning of contraction, the stronger the contraction |
| end-diastolic volume (EDV) | preload; how much is in ventricle before contraction |
| ESV | afterload; end of systole |
| ejection fraction | SV/EDV x 100; 56% is typical; anything above 45% is considered healthy; below is CHF |
| 5 mechanisms that control BP | pressorflexes (baroreflex); contractility; viscosity; total peripheral resistance (TPR); blood volume |
| pressorflexes (baroreflex) | aortic or coratid; opposes changes in pressure by adjusting heart rate |
| contractility | cardiac nerve controls strength of contraction |
| viscosity | thickness; the thicker the higher the BP |
| total peripheral resistance (TPR) | vessel diameter; constriction increases, dilation decreases |
| blood volume | more- higher BP; less- lower BP |
| carotid sinus reflex | vagus inhibition (acts as a brake); negative feedback; more Vagus = slower HR; less Vagus = faster HR |
| aortic reflex | sensory (afferent) fibers; stimulation of stretch receptors in the aorta stimulate Vagus |
| Where is most of the blood in total blood volume? | 2/3 of blood in systemic veins & venules; very slow back to heart |
| What is the fastest carrier in total blood volume? | Systemic arteries & arterioles |
| Why does the parasympathetic system decrease HR & BP? | an increase in Vagus decreases the heart rate; decrease in cardiac nerve decreases contractability; which lowers BP |
| Why does the sympathetic system increase HR & BP? | decrease in Vagus increases HR; increase in cardiac nerve increases contractility; which increases BP |
| hypercapnia | excess blood carbon dioxide |
| hypoxia | deficiency of blood oxygen & decreased arterial blood pH |
| medullary ischemic reflex | emergency mechanism when blood flow to brain drops |
| chemoreceptor reflex | emergency mechanism for hypercapnia or hypoxia; causes vasoconstriction |
| venous return | stress relaxation effect; amount of blood returned through the veins |
| orthostatic effect | standing upright; shift of blood reservoir to the veins in the legs |
| pressure gradient | based on force of gravity |
| venous pumping system | more muscles help pump back to the heart; more sympathetic |
| bigger heart contractions | from move blood in the heart |
| glossopharyngeal | cranial nerve that signals carotid barorecpetors |
| vasodialation | increase in vessel diameter |
| average SV | 70 mL |
| cause for increased BP | increase in HR & contractility |
| diastole | relaxation of the heart |
| 120/80 represents what? | 120 is amount of pressure from ventricles (ventricular systolic); 80 is aortic pressure (diastolic pressure) |
| fenestrated capillaries | have intercellur clefts & windows/pores; found in kidneys and small intestines |
| layers of heart wall | pericardium; parietal layer; pericardial space; epicardium (visceral layer); myocardium; endocardium |
| capillary exchange | between plasma in capillaries and surrounding interstitial fluid |
| Starling's Law of Capillaries | fluid and solutes contained in the fluid move across capillary wall |
| capillary pressure | 10-15mm |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone targets kidneys produced by neurohypophysis; retains water |
| RAAS | changes blood volume by producing aldosterone, ADH, vasoconstriction, thirst |
| ANH | auricles increase ANH when BP increases; lose sodium, lose water, antagonist |
| sphygmomanometer | apparatus that measure bp |
| korotkoff sounds | sounds of pulsing |
| blood pressure | highest pressure/lowest pressure; high pressure in cuff cuts off artery flow, as flow equals, first sounds are heard; taken in anticubital region |
| systolic blood pressure | highest pressure during ejection phase of cardiac cycle when ventricles are contracting |
| diastolic blood pressure | squeezing of the aorta |
| bruits | korotkoff pressure; plaque buildup in the carotid arteries |
| pulse pressure | difference between systolic and diastolic pressure |
| minute volume | volume of blood through body per minute |
| pulse | alternate expansion and recoil of an artery |
| 9 pulse locations | radial artery; temporal artery; common carotid; facial brachial; femoral; popliteal; posterior tibial; dorsalis pedis |
| 6 pressure points | temporal; facial; common carotid; subclavian; brachial; femoral |
| heart 0block | impulses blocked from getting through to ventricle myocardial; contract at slower rate; on ECG, large space between P wave and R peak |
| bradycardia | heart rate below 60 |
| tachycardia | heart rate above 100 |
| sinus dysrhythmia | variation in heart rate during breathing cycle |
| premature contractions | extrasystole, skips a beat; PAC (premature atrial contraction); PVC (premature ventricle contraction) |
| atrial fibrillation (A-fib or AF) | not deadly |
| ventricular fibrillation (V-fib or VF) | immediately life threatening; treated by defibrillation |
| heart failure | hearts inability to pump enough blood to sustain life |
| cardiomyopathy | disease of myocardial tissue |
| CHF | left-sided heart failure |
| cor pulmonale | right sided heart failure from blockage in lungs |
| circulatory shock | failure of circulatory system to deliver oxygen |
| cardiogenic shock | any type of heart failure such as MI |
| hypovolemic shock | loss of blood volume |
| neurogenic shock | i.e. scared; wide spread dilation of blood vessels caused by imbalance in autonomic system |
| anaphylactic shock | acute allergic reaction |
| septic shock | usually bacteria; complications from septicemia |
| hypertension (HTN) | chronic systemic high bp; 90% are primary-essential or ideopathic with no know cause; secondary is from kidney disease or hormonal or induced by oral contraception, pregnancy or other causes |
| hypotension | low bp |
| orthostatic hypotension | low bp from standing too quickly |
Created by:
snuckolls