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chapter 15 and 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens? | mucous membranes of the respiratory tract |
| The ID50 is... | the dose that will cause an infection in 50% of the test population |
| polio is transmitted by | ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing polio virus. |
| what portal of entrance does polio virus use? | mucous membranes only |
| what do coagulase, cell wall components, capsules, and hyaluronidase all have in common? | contribute to pathogen invasiveness. |
| hemolysins lyse what? | Red blood cells |
| kinase destroys what? | fibrin clots |
| leukocidins destroy what? | neutrophils |
| hyaluronidase breaks down... | substances between cells |
| Endotoxins are... | part of a gram negative cell wall. |
| siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with that hosts... | transferrin and iron transport protein. |
| superantigens produce intense immune responses by stimulating lymphocytes to produce what? | cytokines |
| what contributes to the virulence of a pathogen? | numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host, evasion of host defense, and toxin production. |
| Lysogenic bateriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages... | give a new gene sequence to the hosts bacteria. |
| Antibiotics can lead to septic shock is used to treat what? | gram negative bacterial infections. |
| Neisseria menigitidis, proteus vulgaris, haemophilus influenzae, and salmonella typhi all release what? | Endotoxin |
| Infectious agent of Strep pharyngitis? | streptococcus pyogenes, gram postive coccus. |
| symptoms of strep pharyngitis? | inflammed mucous membranes of throat. |
| therapy for strep throat? | penicillin |
| infectious agent for otitis media and sinusitis? | a.aureus, st.pyogenes, h.influenzae |
| reservoirs for otitis media and sinusitis? | nose, throat, infection of the middle ear. |
| transmission of otitis media and sinusitis? | more common in early childhood when the auditory tube connecting the middle ear to the throat is small and more horizontal, easily blocked by infection. |
| symptoms of otitis media and sinusitis? | accumulation of pus in middle ear, cause painful pressure on eardrum. |
| treatment for otitis media and sinusitis? | broad spectrum antibiotics |
| prevention for otitis media and sinusitis? | pneumococcal vaccine |
| infectious agent for diphtheria? | corynebacterium diphtheria, a lysogenic gram positive rod . |
| reservoirs for diphtheria? | children |
| transmission of diphtheria? | droplets |
| symptom for diphtheria? | greyish membrane forms in throat, cutaneous form also occurs. |
| therapy for diphtheria? | penicillin and antitoxin |
| prevention for diphtheria? | Dtap |
| the infectious agent for the common cold? | rhinovirus (numerous different strains) |
| infectious agent for lyme disease? | borella and spirochete |
| reservoirs for lyme disease? | field mice, ticks, deer |
| symptoms of lyme disease? | bulls eye rash, neurological symptoms, fatigue. |
| infectious agent for rocky mountain spotted fever? | rickettsia, rickettsii, obligate intracellular parasite. |
| reservoirs for rocky mountain spotted fever? | ticks, small mammals. |
| transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever? | dermacentor ticks |
| symptoms for rocky mountain spotted fever? | macular rash (palm of hand), fever, headache. |
| therapy for rocky mountain spotted fever? | tetracycline (broad spectrum) chloramphenicol, Antibiotics. |
| Infectious Agent for infectious mononucleosis? | Epstein Barr virus (herpesvirus) |
| Symptoms of mono? | fever, general weakness, sore throat, swollen spleen |
| Infectious Agent of AIDS? | HIV 1 and HIV 2 |
| transmission of AIDS? | bodily fluids, dirty needles. |
| Symptoms of AIDS? | flu like symptoms. respiratory symptoms |
| Infectious Agent for toxoplasmosis? | toxoplasma gondii (apicomplexan) |
| reservoirs for toxoplasmosis? | domestic cats |
| transmission of toxoplasmosis? | ingestion |
| symptoms of toxoplasmosis? | mild disease, initial infection acquired during pregnancy, can be damaging to fetus. serious illness in AIDS patients. |
| Infectious Agent for malaria? | various species of plasmodium (apicomplexon) |
| Transmission of malaria? | Anopheles mosquitos |
| symptoms of malaria? | fever and chills at intervals. |
| treatment for malaria? | malarone, artemisinin. |
| portals of entry | pathogens gain entrance to the human body |
| pathogenicity | the ability to cause disease by overcoming host defenses. |
| virulence | the degree of pathgenicity |
| parental route | gain access to the body when they are deposited directly into the tissues beneath the skin or into mucous membranes when these barriers are penetrated or injured. ex: injections, bites, cuts, wounds. |
| adherence | almost all pathogens have some means of attaching themselves to a hosts portal of entry, this attachment is called. a necessary step in pathogenicity. |
| Adhesins or ligands | surface molecules on a pathogen that attach to the host, bind specifically to complementary surface receptors. |
| Biofilms | microbes come together in masses, cling to surfaces, and share available nutrients in communities. |
| M protein | Streptococcis pyogenes produces this heat resistant and acic resistant protein. |
| M protein is found where? | cell surface and fimbriae |
| Fimbriae | an appendage on a bacterial cell used for attachment |
| Opa | outer membrane protein, used to attach to host cell. |
| Bacteria that produce Opa for what kind of colonies on cultural media? | opaque |
| Waxy lipid (mycolic Acid) | makes up cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis also increases virulence by resisting digestion by phagocytes, and the bacteria can even multiply inside phagocytes. |
| Coagulase | clot the fibrinogen in blood |
| Kinases | Bacterial enzymes that break down fibrin, therefore digest clots formed by the body to isolate the infection. |
| Hyaluronidase | Enzyme secreted by certain bacteria such as streptococci, |
| 2 mechanisms of pathogenicity | Portals of entry and adherence |
| Portals of entry are? | Mucous membranes, skin, parental route, and preferred portal of entry. |
| ID50 | infectious dose for 50% of test population |
| LD50 | lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population. |
| Capsules prevent | phagocytosis |
| Cell wall components | M protein, Opa protein, mycelia acid (waxy lipid) |
| M protein | resists phagocytosis, ex steptococcus pyogenes |
| opa protein | inhibits T helper cells. ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
| Mycolic Acid ( waxy lipid) | resists digestion ;. ex mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Coagulase | Enzymes that coagulate fibrin |
| kinases | enzyme that digests fibrin clots |
| Hyaluronidase | enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid |
| collagenase | enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen |
| IgA proteases | detroy IgA antibodies. ( factors that are in the immune system that fight off viruses.) |
| Invasins | move into cells, penetrate the cell memebrane |
| salmonella | alters host actin to enter a hot cell |
| listeria | moves from cell to cell |
| Direct damage... | disrupt host cell functions, produce waste products, toxins |
| waste products build up in | tissues |
| toxins can cause | cellular damage, causing symptoms of disease. |
| Iron is needed for | bacterial growth |
| Toxin | substance that contributes to pathogenicity |
| Toxigenicity | the ability to produce a toxin |
| Toxemia | presence of toxin in the hosts blood |
| Taxoid | inactivated Toxin used in a vaccine |
| Antitoxin | antibodies against a specific toxin |
| Exotoxins | specific for a structure or function in a host cell, produced inside of pathogenic bacteria. |
| Leukocidins | white blood cells |
| Hemolysins | Blood cells |
| Streptolysins | cellular damage to many cells effecting phospholipid layer. |
| Endotoxins are in the cell wall of which bacteria? | Gram negative bacteria. |
| superantigens | cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from the host cell. immune system goes into "overdrive" too many immune responses cause symptoms. |
| symptoms of super antigenes? | fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock , and death. |
| Exotoxins are found in the cell wall of what bacteria? | mostly gram positive cell walls. |
| Chemistry of an exotoxin? | Protein. |
| Are exotoxins fever inducing? | No. |
| Can exotoxins be neutralized by an antitoxin? | Yes. |
| The LD50 of Exotoxins is | small . |
| Endotoxins are only seen in | plasma membrane of gram negative bacteria. |
| chemistry of an endotoxin | lipid A |
| Are Endotoxins fever inducing? | Yes. |
| Can Endotoxins be neutralized by an antitoxin? | no, because it is a lipid molecule. |
| What is the LD50 for endotoxins? | relatively large. |
| LAL Assay (test) | Limulus amebocyte lystate assay, cause fever. |
| Amebocyte lysis produces | a clot |
| portals od exit ( mirror portals of entry) | respiratory tract (coughing and sneezing) , gastrointestinal tract (feces and saliva) , genitourinary tract (urine and vaginal secretions) , blood ( anthropods that bite, needles or syringes.) |
| pathogenic properties of protozoa.. | presence of protozoa, protozoan waste products may cause symptoms, avoid host defenses by - growing in phagocytes, antigenic variation. |
| Pathogenic properties of Helminths | use host tissue, presence of parasite interferes with host function, parasites metabolic waste can cause symptoms. |
| Pathogenic properties of algae? | paralytic shellfish poisoning, dinoflagellates, saxitoxin. |
| The removal of plasmids reduces virulence in which organism? | Streptococcus mutans |
| an encapsulated bacterium can be virulent because the capsule... | resists phagocytosis |
| A drug that binds to mannose on human cells would prevent what? | the attachment of pathogenic E. Coli |
| What is the term meaning the ability to cause disease? | Pathogenicity |
| what is the term for the measurement of that ability? | Virulence |
| Steps of microbial mechanisms? | Portal of entry, adherence, penetration into the host cell, evasion, damage to host tissue |
| What are the three ways microbes get inside host? | mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route |
| What is the easiest and most often used mucous membranes use for portal of entry? | respiratory tract |
| what is the mucous membrane portal of entry where most microbes are killed here by HCI and enzymes and if survives can be transmitted via feces? | Gastrointestinal |
| What are some examples of the microbes that enter through the respiratory tract? | pneumonia, tb, influenza, measles, small pox |
| What are some examples of the microbes that enter through the Gl ? | typhoid fever, poliomyletitis, shigellosis |
| what is the portal entry for STD's? | Genitourinary tract |
| how do microbes enter throug the GU? | unbroken mucous membranes, cuts or abrasions |
| What are some examples of the viruses that enter through the GU? | genital warts, herpes, HIV |
| when microbes enter through hair follicles, sweat glands, or by boring through this tissue they are using what tissue as a portal of entry? | Skin. |
| When microbes enter through punctures, injections, bites, cuts, surgery, or splitting they are using what portal of entry? | Parental Route |
| What are some examples of disease that can cause disease using a specific mode of entry? | samonilla typhimurium (ingested), streptococcus pneumoniae (inhaled), yersenia pestis (bubonic plague- no prefered portal) |
| if the infectous dose for a sample of population is 50% how would you express this measurement of virulence? | ID50 |
| what does a low number in infectous dose or lethal dose measurements mean in regards to the virulence? | the lower the number the higher the virulence |
| If the lethal dose for a sample of population is 50% how would you express this measurement? | LD50 |
| what is the difference between lethal dose measurements and infectous dose measurements? | letal kills and infectous get sick |
| In adherence how what helps the microbe adhere to the host? | surface molecules called adhesins or ligands |
| What is the term for communities of microbes and their products that attach to surfaces? | Biofilm |
| Biofilm is what percentage of all bacterial infection? | 65% |
| What must the microbe do to infect a host cell after it attaches to it? | penetrate the host cell |
| When the microbe attaches to the host cell it causes changes in the host cell what? | plasma membrane |
| What are some of the ways that microbes employ evasion? | use of capsule, components of the cell wall (M protein), enzymes (such as coagulase, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase, IgA proteases), and antigenic variation |
| what components of a cell wall does a microbe in evasion? | by using M protein |
| What enzyme clots fibrin? | Coagulase |
| How does the enzyme coagulase help the microbe in evasion? | shields microbe from WBC |
| what enzyme breaks down fibrin? | kinase |
| how does the enzyme kinase help the microbe in evasion? | breaks away from blood clot when immune cells try to isolate the microbe |
| what enzyme breaks down hyaluronic acid? | hyaluronidase |
| How does the enzyme hyaluronidase help the microbe in evasion? | spreading factor (move through cells) |
| what enzyme breaks down collagen? | collagenase |
| what enzyme destroys IgA antibodies? | IgA proteases |
| How does the microbe use antigenic variation? | alters surface proteins so that it can not be fought with existing antibodies |
| How does the microbe damage the host tissues? | using host nutrients |
| What are the step that the siderophores go through to get the nutrients (iron) and bring it back to the bacterium? | produce siderophores, siderophore bind to iron, siderophore binds to bacteria, bacterium takes siderophore inside |
| what is the protein that bind iron stronger that hemoglobin | siderophores |
| What is the direct damage to host tissues? | multiplying until cell ruptures, depriving host cell of needed nutrients, producing toxic waste products, and toxins |
| what is the poisonous substances that are mostly protein enzymes? | Toxin |
| what is the measure of the virulence of the toxin | toxigenicity |
| What is the term that refers to a toxin in the blood? | toxemia |
| What are the two types of toxins? | exotoxins and endotoxins |
| What is the product that is produced by bacterium and secreted by proteins, is usually carried on plamid or prophage, diffuse easily into the blood, can be produced by gram negative and positive and is the most lethal substance known? | Exotoxins |
| What are the antibodies produced by the body that can bind to the exotoxin? | Antitoxins |
| What is the altered toxin used to stimulate the immune system? | toxoid |
| What are some examples of a toxoid? | diphtheria and tetanus |
| What are some examples of disease cause by bacterium exotoxins? | botulism and staphylococcus food poisoning |
| In A-B toxins, the A is what part of the exotoxin? | active |
| In A-B toxins the B is what part of the exotoxin? | binding |
| What kind of toxin inhibits protein synthesis and kills the cell? | A-B toxins |
| What exotoxin causes lysis in the host cell plasma membrane? | membrane-disrupting toxins |
| What exotoxin makes proteins in the plasma membrane and disrupts the phospholipid layer? | Membrane-disrupting toxins |
| What are some examples of membrane-disrupting toxins? | leukocidins and hemolysins |
| The membrane-disrupting toxin leukocidins is a toxin that kills what? | WBC |
| The membrane-disrupting toxin hemolysins is a toxin that kills what? | RBC |
| What is the term for an intense immune response or a super immune response? | superantigens |
| What product produced by bacterium is part of the cell wall, produced by gram negatives only, part of the lipopolysaccharide and is only released when a cell wall is damaged? | Endotoxin |
| This condition is due to a loss of blood pressure due to an endotoxin? | Septic shock |
| Septic shock can cause large amounts of fluids to be lost and may even cause what? | Death |
| Which measure (LD or ID) is used to express virulence of pathogens or toxins? | LD |
| In a biofilm what is the first layer? | bacteria |
| Dental plague, algae on a pool, and soap scum are all examples of what? | Biofilm |
| How does the enzyme collgenase help with evasion? | spreading factor (helps move through collagen) |
| What exotoxins attack nerve cells? | neurotoxin |
| What exotoxin attacks GI tract cells? | enterotoxin |
| What exotoxin attacks heart cells? | Cardiotoxin |
| Ability to ward off | Immunity |
| non-specific defenses against any pathogen (you are born with this) | Innate immunity |
| acquired immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen | Adaptive immunity |
| lack of resistance to a disease | Susceptibility |
| Constitutional factors Physical factors Chemical factors Cellular factors Microbial factors | First line of defense |
| Inflammation fever Cellular responses | Second line of defense |
| Species resistance Race or strain resistance Gender (male or female) Nutrition Age | Constitutional factors |
| Birds are resistant to Bacillus anthracis, while cattle are susceptible. Humans get mumps but cats and dogs do not. Humans are susceptible to plague (Yersinia pestis) while ground squirrels are resistant | Species resistance |
| African blacks are more susceptible to tuberculosis than whites. Whites are more susceptible to influenza, diphtheria, and gonorrhea than blacks. | Race or strain resistance |
| In a lab experiment it was noticed that female mice were 20% more resistant to typhoid fever than male mice | Gender (male or female) |
| Dietary protein and vitamins are directly related to protection from microbial disease. Cabbage → reduced susceptibility to salmonella | Nutrition |
| washes eye | Lacrimal apparatus |
| washes microbes off | Saliva |
| flows out | Urine |
| flow out | Vaginal secretions |
| Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum Low pH (3-5) of skin Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice Low pH (3-5) of vaginal secretions | Chemical factors |
| Second line of defense Normal flora competes with the pathogenic intruders for food and space. E. coli (large intestine) Lactobacillus (vagina) | Microbial Factors |
| Second Line of defense a cascade process cytokine chemicals of the immune system | Fever, inflammation |
| Second line of defense Phagocytic cells Natural Killer cells | Cellular responses |
| Fever Advantages | Helps release cytokines Transferrins IL-1 activity Interferons |
| Fever Disadvantages | Tachycardia Acidosis Dehydration 44-46°C fatal |
| inflammation Redness | Swelling (edema) Pain Heat Vasodilation - Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow Cytokines, complement, kinins, histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes |
| The Lymphatic System | White blood cells - Innate immunity - Acquired immunity Lymph fluid System which carries lymph fluid throughout body Bone marrow, spleen, thymus |
| Cytokine | any of various proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that serve to regulate the immune system |
| Phagocytosis | process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debis (Eat Cell) |
| Steps in Phagocytosis | Chemotaxis (movement toward or away from the chemical stimulus) or adherence (attachment of the phagocytes plasma membrane) Ingestion (pseudopods engulf the microoganism) Intracellular digestion (digestion within the boundaries of a cell) Exocytosis |
| Macrophages | phagocytic cells that ingest antigens. |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) | Lymphocytes that destroy other cells such as tumor cells. they are always active looking for an infected cell. |
| Complement system | Series of events that trigger Enhances phagocytosis (opsonization) Inflammation cell lysis |
| Interferons (IFNs) | Cause neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication |
| Vasodilation | Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for the redness' |
| kinins | a group of substances that cause vasodilation and increased permability of blood vessels |
| histamine | a chemical present in may cells of the body, that is released in response to the injury of cells that contain it |
| prostaglandins | substances released by damaged cells that intesify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillay walls. |
| leukotrienes | substances produced by mast cells and basophils and cause increased permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to phaogens. |
| Neutrophils | Phagocytic (major fighters of bacterial infection) 60-70% |
| Basophils | Produce histamine, histamine release allergies. 0.5%-1% |
| Eosinophils | Toxic to parasites and some phagocytosis. parasite infection. 2-4% |
| Dendritic cells | initiate adaptive immune response. lymphoid organs, induce immune response. |
| Monocytes | Phagocytic as mature macrophages, fixed macrophages in lungs, liver, and bronchi. andering macrophages roam tissues. 3-8% |
| Lymphocytes | involved in specific immunity 20-25% . viral infections . |
| The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to | trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract. |
| Innate immunity | is nonspecific and present at birth. |
| Macrophages arise from which of the following? | monocytes |
| What type of immunity results from vaccination? | artificially acquired active immunity |
| Which of the following is found normally in serum? | complement |
| Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? | increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms |
| The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid | goes into lymph capillaries. |
| A chill is a sign that | body temperature is rising. |
| 27) The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by | lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. |
| 28) The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by | antigenantibody reactions. |
| Activation of C3a results in | acute inflammation. |
| Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to | produce toxic oxygen products. |
| Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial | cell wall. |
| 39) All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? A) diapedesis B) margination C) phagocyte migration D) repair E) vasodilation | vasodilation |
| Legionella uses C3b receptors to enter monocytes. this... | prevents phagocytosis |
| Chlamydia can prevent the formation of phagolysosomes and therefore can... | avoid being digested |
| a decrease in production of C3 would result in. | increased susceptibility to infection. |
| in 1884, Elie Metchnikoff observed blood cells collected around a splinter inserted in a sea star embryo, this was the discovery of... | Phagocytosis |
| Helicobacter pylori uses the enzyme urease to counteract a chemical defense in the human organ in which it lives. this chemical defense is called. | hydrochloric acid |
Created by:
Shelbyfey