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TOEFL words
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| contraint | n. something that restricts thought or actions |
| contamination | n. being less clean by a germ or hazardous substance |
| deplete | v. to greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material |
| dispose (of) | v. to throw away; to get rid of; to kill |
| elementally | adv. in terms of elements; basically |
| emission | n. sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air |
| extinction | n complete disappearance; the end of existence |
| reservoir (water reservoir) | n. a place where a liquid is collected and stored |
| shrink | v. to become reduce in size, amount, or value |
| stable | adj. firm and dependable; showing little change |
| adjust | We have to a____ our room's temperature for our bodies. |
| arbitrary | adj.chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specific reason |
| exponentially | adv. at a very fast rate |
| infinitesimal | adj. immeasurably small |
| maximize | v. to increase or make as great as possible |
| parallel | adj. being an equal distance apart everywhere |
| proportion | n. a part in relation to the whole |
| rate | n the motion or change that happens in a certain time; the cost per unit of a good or service |
| sequence | v. to organize or arrange in succession |
| accuracy | They questioned the a______ of the information in the file. |
| adjacent | adj. next to |
| compress | v. to press together; flatten by pressure |
| feasibly | adv. practically; in a way that can work |
| integrally | adv. in a whole or complete manner |
| overlap | v. to lie over part of something; to have elements in common |
| retain | to keep or hold |
| seep | v. to pass slowly for a long time, as a liquid or gas might |
| structure | How well does the teacher s_____ the lessons? |
| circulate | v. to move throughout an area or group; to move along somewhat circular route (newspapers circulate) |
| corrode | v. to be slowly weekend by chemical reactions |
| derive | v. to come from, usually through a long, slow process |
| detect (detection) | The tests are designed to d_____ the cancer early. |
| expeditiously | quickly and efficiently |
| implement | v. to make use of; to carry out |
| innovative | adj. ahead of the times; novel |
| installation | n. setting something into position for use |
| maintenance | n. the act of keeping something in good condition |
| simulation | n. an imitation or representation |
| combustion | n. the process of burning |
| component | n. one part of a system or whole |
| convey | v. to transport from one place to another; to transmit or make known |
| discretely | adv. separately; distinctly |
| nucleus | n. a central or essential part around which other parts are gathered; a core |
| permeate | v. to spread or flow throughout; to pass through or penetrate |
| rotate | v. to turn around; to take turns in sequence. |
| solar | adj. of, or relating to, the sun |
| source | n. the point of origin or creation |
| trigger | v. to set off or initiate |
| acquisition | n. the act of taking possession of something |
| anomaly | n, something unusual |
| consciously | adv. with awareness of one's actions |
| degrade | v. to reduce in value of strength |
| gap | There is a g__ in the road up ahead. |
| indisputable | adj. beyond doubt; unquestionable |
| intervene | v. to come between |
| intuitively | adv. by means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe |
| recede | v. to move back or away from |
| retrieve | v. to bring or get back |
| agnostic | adj. believing that humans cannot know whether there is a god |
| animism | n. the belief that natural object, such as trees, have souls |
| atheist | n. one who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being |
| be inclined to | v. to favor an opinion or a course of action |
| contemplate | v. to consider thoughtfully |
| deify | v. to worship as a god |
| ecclesiastical | adj. relating to a church |
| exalt | v. to praise or honor |
| pious | adj. having or exhibiting religious reverence |
| sacrifice | v. anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable later on |
| aggravate | v. to make worse, to anger or intensify |
| decrepit | adj. weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or excessive |
| disease | n. an unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a long term physical problem |
| fatally | adv. causing death or disaster |
| forensics | n. the use of science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases |
| persist | v.. to continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any obstacle |
| prognosis | n. an educated guess of how something will develop, especially a disease |
| terminal | adj. located at an end; approaching death |
| vein | n. any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those that carry blood to the heart |
| wound | v. to inflict an injury on |
| anesthesia | n. techniques for deducing for sensation and feeling, especially to control pain. |
| augment | v. to make bigger or better by adding to |
| certifiably | adv. in manner that is officially recognized |
| complication | n. a factor that makes something more difficult or complex |
| cure | v. to restore to health |
| implant | v. to set in firmly; to insert in the body surgically |
| inject | v. to insert a liquid by means of a syringe |
| obese | adj. excessively overweight |
| procedure | n. a specific way of performing or doing something |
| scar | n. a mark on the skin left after a wound has healed; a lasting sign of damage, either mental or physical |
| astrological | adj. related to the study of the position of stars, the sun, and the planets in the belief that they influence earthly events |
| divination | n. foretelling the future by finding patterns in physical objects |
| haunt | v. to continually appear (in the form of a ghost) in same place or to the same person |
| horror | n. strong fear mixed with disgust |
| intermediary | n. acting as an agent between people or things |
| invoke | v. to call on for support |
| meditate | v. to reflect; to think quietly and deeply for a long time |
| phantom | n. a dimly visible form, usually thought to be the spirit of a dead person, a sunken ship, etc. |
| psychic | adj. relating to the supposed ability of the human mind to sense things that cannot be observed. |
| self-perpetuating | adj. having the power to renew oneself for an indefinite period of time. |
| amend | v. to change for the better |
| biased | adj. leaning unfairly in one direction |
| burden | n. something that is carried; source of stress or worry |
| counter | v. to act i opposition to; to offer in response |
| de facto | adj. truly doing a job, even if not officially |
| discriminate | v. to choose carefully among options |
| notion | n. a belief; a fanciful impulse |
| oppress | v. to keep down by force; to weigh heavily on |
| paradigm | n. a pattern or model; a set of assumptions |
| prejudiced | adj. causing to judge prematurely and unfairly |
| curriculum | n. the courses of study offered by an education institution |
| distinctly | adv. clearly |
| erudite | adj. highly educated |
| fortify | v. to strengthen |
| implicitly | adv. without being stated; unquestioningly |
| parochial | adj. restricted in outlook; relating to the local parish |
| rigor | n. strictness; difficult situations that come from following rules strictly |
| roster | n. a list, especially of names |
| secular | adj. worldly rather than spiritual; related to religion |
| suspend | v. to caused to stop for a period; to hand as to allow free movement |
| allegiance | n. loyalty |
| artillery | n. large guns that shoot powerful shells; army units that hand such guns |
| battle | v. to fight against |
| cease | v. to stop |
| `hierarchy | n. a system of levels that places people high or low according to their importance |
| in the trenches | in the middle of the hardest fighting or work |
| mobilize | v. to put members of a group into motion |
| rank | v. to put into a many-levels order, depending on importance or achievement |
| ratio | n. the relationship of one number or amount to another |
| strategic | adj. related to long-term plans for achieving a goal |
| annex | v. to make something (usually land) part of another unit |
| apex | n. the highest point |
| collapse | v. to fall down, usually because of weakness |
| conquest | n. a takeover by force or continued effort |
| devise | v. to find an original way to make an object or plan |
| invasive | adj. aggressively entering into someone else's territory |
| prevailing | adj. strongest or most common |
| resist | v. to refuse to give in to a strong force or desire |
| severely | adv. harshly; extremely |
| violation | n. an action that breaks a law or agreement; mistreatment of something that deserves respect |
| chronologically | adv. in order according to time |
| coincide | v. happen or exist at the same time |
| consequence | n. a result, often one much later in time than the cause |
| core | n. an are or object at the center |
| deny | v. say that something is not true |
| diminish | v. make something smaller or weaker; become smaller or weaker |
| longitude | n. a system of imaginary lines running from north to south along the Earth's surface, where each line is numbered from 0 degrees to 180 degrees west or east |
| milieu | n. general environment or surroundings |
| Orwellian | adj. frightening and over controlled by a government that interferes in nearly every aspect of personal life |
| reconciliation | n. coming back together peacefully after having been enemies |
| allocate | v. to give out different amounts for different purposes |
| commodity | n. a thing that can be bought and sold, such as grain, oil, or wood |
| decline | v. to decrease in power or amount |
| equity | n. the value of one's share in an investment |
| inflation | n. a situation in which prices for many items rise quite fast |
| net | adj. after all costs have subtracted from an amount |
| per capita | adv. for each person |
| regulate | v. control according to a set of rules |
| subsidy | n money given by a government or other organization to support an activity |
| tangible | adj. obviously real because it can be seen, touched, or otherwise observed |
| accumulate | v. to build up a large amount of something |
| affluence | n. wealth and the style of life that goes with it |
| elite | adj. belong to a special honored group |
| impoverish | v. to make a person or group poor |
| luxury | n. extreme comfort, beyond what anyone needs |
| nobility | n. a group of socially prominent people with special titles given by a king or queen , such as "duke" or countess" |
| prestige | n. honor and respect for being better than average |
| privileged | adj. able to enjoy special advantages because of one's position (usually because of being born into a wealthy or powerful family) |
| prosper | v. to do very well in one's business or personal life |
| acquire | v. to get something, usually something with special value or meaning |
| assess | v. to estimate the value of something (evaluate quality) |
| asset | n. a possession that has positive value |
| hazardous | adj. dangerous |
| jointly | adv. together with one or more other parties |
| lease | v. to rent something for a long time (several months or years) |
| liability | n. legal responsibility for harming a person or property; a disadvantage |
| proprietor | n. owner, usually of a business or a building |
| safeguard | v. to protect |
| sole | adj. only |
| compensate | v. to give an employee money or other things in exchange for the work he or she does |
| dynamic | adj. full of energy |
| enterprising | adj. creative in thinking of way ways to make money |
| exploit | v. to take advantage of; to create inconsiderately in order to profit |
| incentive | n. a possible benefit that motivates a person to do a certain thing. |
| industrious | adj. willing to work hard |
| marginal | adj. not very significant or effective |
| merit | n. value; success based on one's work, not on luck |
| promote | v. to move someone to a high position in a company |
| resign | v. to quit one's job |
| distill | v. to remove one liquid from a mixture of liquids by boiling; to get something valuable from a confusing mix of ideas |
| entrepreneurial | adj. able to create business opportunities from a wide variety of circumstances |
| extract | v. to take out |
| haggle | v. to argue back and forth about a price |
| intrepid | adj. fearless |
| merchant | n. a person who makes a living by selling things |
| proportionately | adv. in an amount appropriate to each of several |
| prototype | n. the first one made of a machine or system |
| reward | n. something one gets for having done well |
| shuttle | v. to move back and forth often between two places |
| advocate | v. to speak out in favor of something |
| authority | n. the power to make decisions, to tell others what to do |
| bitterly | adv. strongly and with a lot of bad feelings |
| candidate | n. someone who wants to be chosen, especially in an election, for a position |
| coalition | n. a group of several different groups or countries that are working together to achieve a certain goal. |
| contest | v. to challenge |
| election | n. a process in which people choose officials |
| inaugurate | v. to bring into public office; to start formally |
| policy | n. an approved way for approaching a certain kind of situation |
| poll | v. to find out a small group's opinion that you can guess what a much larger group thinks |
| accuse | v. to say that some did something wrong |
| allegedly | adv. according to what people say |
| civil | ad. involving a dispute between two citizens, not a criminal charge |
| convict | v. to decide that someone is guilty of a crime |
| guilty | adj. responsible for doing something bad |
| offense | n a specific act that breaks the law |
| peer | n. a peer who is one's social equal |
| suspect | n. someone who, in the opinion of the police, might have committed a certain crime |
| verdict | n. a judgment in a court case |
| witness | to see something, especially a crime, happen. |
| apprehend | v. to capture |
| ascertain | v. to make sure of |
| bureaucratic | adj. related to a large organization with a complicated procedures |
| condemn | v. to speak out against something in strong terms |
| evidence | n. something that makes the truth of a statement seem more likely |
| implicate | v. to suggest that someone was involved in a crime or other wrong behavior |
| inquiry | n. an investigation |
| intrusively | adv. in a way that brings an unwanted person or thing into someones else's affairs |
| seize | v. to take something against its owner's will |
| surveillance | n. a process of watching something or someone for a long time, usually because the person is suspected of something. |
| analyze | v. to examine something by looking at its parts |
| assail | v. to attack or criticizing forcefully |
| contrary | adj. opposite |
| hypothesize | v. to make a guess, the correctness of which will eventually be investigated systematically. |
| impair | v. to make something less effective than usual |
| inference | n. a conclusion drawn from evidence |
| objectively | adv. based on unbiased standards, not on personal opinion |
| suspicious | adj. believing that something is wrong; acting in a way that makes people believe you have done something wrong |
| tolerate | v. to avoid getting upset about something |
| versus | prep. against |
| bribery | n. giving money or other gifts to a government official or other in authority in order to get special privileges |
| cynically | adv. disrespectfully; emphasizing the weaknesses of otherwise respected things |
| erode | v. to wear away and become smaller |
| evade | v. to get away from something that tries to catch you |
| grotesque | adj. extremely unattractive, in a way that catches a lot of attention |
| integrity | n. personal honest and good character |
| prevalent | adj. common easy to find because it exists in great amounts |
| reform | v. to make big improvements |
| scandal | n. a case of wrongdoing that hurts someone's reputation |
| unmask | v. reveal; expose something that is hidden |
| abduction | n. kidnapping |
| coerce | v. to force; to put pressure on some to do something |
| detain | v. to prevent someone, for a relatively short time, from going on their way |
| deviant | adj. in a style that is not normal and is offensive to many |
| distort | v. to twist or misrepresent; to make something seem different what it really is |
| intentionally | adv. on purpose, not by accident |
| piracy | n. stealing a ship or taking the ship's cargo; the unlawful copying books CD's, etc. |
| predicament | n. a difficult situation, one that is hard to get out of |
| smuggle | v. to illegally bring things into a country |
| villainy | n. exceptional badness, as demonstrated by many serious evil deeds |
| addictive | adj. making someone want it so much that the person feels ill without it. |
| cartel | n. a small group controlling a certain area of business |
| concentrated | adj. strong because are amounts are in a certain space |
| interdict | v. to keep something from reaching a certain place |
| juxtapose | v. place next to one another |
| misconception | n. a mistaken belief |
| modify | v. make small changes in order to get a certain result |
| potent | adj. powerful |
| residual | adj. left behind after most of a thing has gone |
| subtly | adv. in a quite, hard-to-noticce way |
| ancestral | adj. relating to family members earlier generations |
| cohesion | n. ability to stay together as a unit |
| descendant | n. a direct relative in a later generation |
| inheritance | n. things passed down to you form you ancestors |
| kin | n. relatives |
| legitimate | adj. true and respectable; in the context of family, born of a mother na father who were married to each other |
| paternal | adj. relating to a father |
| proximity | n. nearness |
| sentiment | n. feelings; opinion based on feelings |
| sibling | n. brother or sister |
| complex | adj. not simple; involving many parts that work together |
| despondent | adj. extremely sad and without hope for the future |
| devotion | n. a willingness to keep supporting someone you admire |
| dilemma | n. a difficult choice between two things |
| engender | v. to bring into being; to cause to exist |
| loyal | adj. faithful |
| passion | n. an extremely strong, like love or anger |
| proliferation | n. an increase in the number of something and in the number of places it can be found |
| reciprocity | n. doing as much for another as he or she has done for you |
| vanish | v. to disappear suddenly |
| antipathy | n. a strong, long-lasting negative feeling |
| arrogantly | adv. in a way that shows a high opinion of oneself and a low opinion of others |
| berate | v. to say insulting and disrespectful things |
| contemptuous | n. having no respect |
| despise | v. hate very much |
| humiliation | n. an event that causes someone to feel that he or she has lost the respect of others |
| obnoxious | adj. bothersome; doing small things that others don't like |
| shame | n. dishonor because one has done something wrong |
| stigmatize | v. to mark with a visible feature that makes other people think, perhaps incorrectly, that someone or something is wrong |
| vitriolic | adj. showing an extreme, hateful anger |
| adolescent | adj ,characteristic of a teenager; not fully grown up |
| cause | n. a political or social goal that one believes is right and works to achieve |
| conflict | v. to fit so poorly together that the differences cause a problem |
| delinquency | n. serious misbehavior; not doing what one should do |
| fringe | n. edge; in social contexts, parts of society that look or act very different from most people |
| hedonistic | adj. excessively interested in seeking pleasure |
| hypocritically | adv. in a way that accuses other people of weaknesses that the speaker also possesses |
| manipulation | n, quietly moving or influencing people or things in order to get what you want |
| rebel | v. to go against an established system or authority |
| status quo | n. the systems and conditions that exist now |
| abstract | adj. not concrete and realistic; not obviously related to everyday experience |
| context | n. a larger environment that something into |
| depict | v to show in pictures |
| dimension | n. a direction or surface along which something can be measured; an aspect |
| intrinsic | adj. being part of the basic nature of something |
| perspective | n. a way of seeing from a particular location; a way of thinking about something |
| portrayal | n. a description or drawing that reflects a certain of view |
| realism | n a technique that tries to picture something as a really looks |
| spectrum | n. a range of different things, usually colors |
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