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Reproductive
Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Male sex cells are called | Sperm |
| Female sex cells are called | Eggs or oocytes |
| Sex cells have 1 set of genetic information found on how many chromosomes? | 23 chromosomes |
| In other body cells the re are two sets of genetic instructions on how many chromosomes? | 46 chromosomes |
| Meiosis includes 2 successful divisions called | Meiosis I and Meiosis II |
| Meiosis I does what? | Separates homologous pairs of chromosomes (the same, gene for gene) |
| Meiosis II does what? | Separates the chromatids, produce cells that are haploid but chromosomes now have 1 chromatid |
| "Crossing over" during meiosis results in | Recombination of genetic material |
| "Crossing over" is important because | Provides unique combinations of traits in offspring |
| The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is | 4 |
| About the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of | LH |
| Menopause is due to the aging of the | Ovaries |
| Meiosis is necessary because | Otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material |
| The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the | Cervix |
| The head of a sperm is mostly | Nucleus |
| Sperm cells mature in the | Epididymis |
| The most commonly used oral contraceptives contain | Synthetic estrogen and progesterone |
| Fertilization normally occurs in the | Uterine tube |
| The gubernaculum guides the testis through the ______ canal | Inguinal |
| Functions of male reproductive organs | 1. Produce and maintain male sex cells (sperm), 2. Transport sperm and fluids outside of body, 3. Secrete male sex hormones |
| Primary male sex organs | 2 testes |
| Testes lie within | Scrotum |
| Male fetus where do testes originate | Near kidneys |
| After testes descend spermatic cord contains | 1. Ductus deferens, 2. Blood vessels, 3. Nerves |
| Tunica albugenia | Tough, fibrous capsule enclosing each tesis |
| Lobules | Roughly 250 compartments in testis, separated by connective tissue septa |
| Seminiferous tubules | 1. Highly coiled tubules inside lobules, 2. Lined with special stratified epithelium containing spermatogenic cells that give rise to sperm cells |
| Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) | 1. Lie between seminiferous tubules, 2. Produce and secrete male sex hormones |
| Sustenacular (Steroli) cells | Large cells, spanning entire thickness of epithelium of seminiferous tubule, which support and nourish spermatogenic cells throughout their development into sperm |
| Sperm formation sequence | Spermatogonia --> primary spermatocytes --> secondary spermatocytes --> spermatids --> spermatozoa |
| Spermiogenesis | Development of spermatids into sperm |
| Spermatogenesis | Combined processes of meiosis and spermiogenesis |
| Spermatocytes | Arise from spermatogonia |
| During spermatogenesis | 1. Four sperm cells are produced from meiosis of 1 primary spermatocyte, 2. Spermatogonia replenish themselves, 3. Give rise |
| As stages of spermatogenesis continue | Developing sperm migrante from outer edge of seminiferous tubule of lumen |
| Sustenancular cells support | Entire process |
| Parts of sperm cell | 1. Head, 2. Midpiece, 3. Tail (flagellum) |
| Head of sperm | 1. Nucleus contains 23 chromosomes, 2. Acrosome |
| Acrosome | Cap over nucleus which contains enzymes that aid penetration of oocytes during fertilization |
| Midpiece | Contains many mitochondria which provide ATP |
| Tail (flagellum) | 1. Contains many microtubules enclosed in extension of cell membrane, 2. Lashing movement propels sperm toward egg |
| Epididymis | 1. Tightly coiled tubes at top of each tesis, 2. Connected to ducts in the testis, 3. Run between testis and ductus deferens, 4. Promote maturation of sperm cell |
| Ductus (vas) deferens | 1. Muscular tubes, 45 cm long, 2. Part of spermatic cord, 3. Extends from epididymis to ejaculatory duct, 4. Lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium |
| Seminal vesicles | 1. Each attached to a ductus deferens near base of urinary bladder, 2. Secrete alkaline fluid, help regulate pH in male and female reproductive tracts, 3. Secrete fructose and prostaglandins, 4. Contents empty into ejaculatory duct |
| Prostate gland | 1. Surrounds proximal portion of urethra, 2. Just inferior to urinary bladder, 3. Ducts of gland open into urethra, 4. Composed of tubular glands in connective tissue, 5. Contains smooth muscle, 6. Secretes thin, milky, alkaline fluid |
| Bulbourethral glands | 1. Also called Cowper's glands, 2. Inferior to prostate gland, 3. Secrete mucus-like fluid, 4. Fluid released in response to sexual stimulation, 5. Lubricates end of penis |
| Semen | 1. Fluid urethra conveys to outside of body during ejaculation, 2. Contains sperm and various secretions of accessory reproductive glands |
| Semen composition and properties | 1. Contain secretion of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands, 2. Slightly alkaline, pH ~ 7.5, 3. Contains nutrients, 4. Volume 2-5 mL semen per ejaculation, 5. Average 120 million sperm per ejaculation |
| Male Infertility | 1. Failure of testes to descend into scrotum during fetal development, 2. Inflammation of testes from certain diseases, such as mumps, 3. Poor-quality sperm; abnormal head, acrosome, or tail, 4. Low sperm count, less than 20 million/mL per ejaculate |
| Male external reproductive organs | 1. Scrotum, which encases 2 testes, 2. Penis |
| Scrotum | 1. Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue, 2. Located behind penis, 3. Dartos muscle, 4. Medial septum |
| Dartos Muscle | Contracts and relaxes in response to temperature changes |
| Medial Septum | Divides the scrotum into 2 chamber: each chamber is lined with a serous membrane, each chamber houses a testis and epididymis |
| Penis | 1. Conveys urine and semen through urethra to outside of body, 2. Specialized to become erect for sexual intercourse, 3. Body, 4. Glans penis, 5. Prepuce (foreskin) |
| Body of penis | Contains 3 columns of erectile tissue, 2 corpora cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum, which surrounds urethra |
| Glans penis | Distal enlargement of corpus spongiosum |
| Prepuce | Covering of glans penis, removed during circumcision |
| Process of erection | 1. During sexual stimulation, nerve impulses release nitric oxide, dilates arteries of penis, 2. Pressure of arterial blood compresses veins, 3. Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues, 4. Penis swells and elongates |
| Orgasm of male | 1. Culmination of sexual stimulation, 2. Pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release, 3. Accompanied by emission and ejaculation, 4. Largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses |
| Emission of male | Movement of semen into the urethra |
| Ejaculation of male | Movement of semen out of the urethra |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | Secreted by hypothalamus |
| Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (lutenizing hormone, LH, ICSH) - in males | Causes development of interstitial cells in testes; these cells secrete sex hormones (testosterone) |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - in males | Stimulates sustenacular cells of testes to mature, proliferate, and respond to testosterone |
| Male sex hormones are called | Androgens |
| Most important androgen | Testosterone |
| Actions of testosterone prior to birth | 1. Development of male reproductive organs, 2. Descent of testes into scrotum |
| Actions of testosterone during puberty | 1. Enlargement of testes, and accessory organs of male reproductive system, 2. Development of secondary sex characteristics, which continue after puberty |
| Secondary sex characteristics in males | 1. Increase in body hair, 2. Sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair, 3. Enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords, 4. Thickening of the skin, 5. Increased muscular growth, 6. Thickening of the bones |
| Specialized functions of female reproductive organs | 1. Produce female reproductive organs, 2. Transport oocytes to site of fertilization, 3. Provide favorable environment for developing offspring, 4. Transport offspring to outside the body, 5. Produce female sex hormones |
| Primary female sex organs | Ovaries |
| Ovaries lie within | Lateral wall of the pelvic cavity |
| Ligaments that hold ovaries in place | |
| Broad ligament | Largest ligament; holds ovary in place, and is also attached to the uterine tubes and uterus |
| Suspensory ligament | Holds ovary at the upper end |
| Ovarian ligament | Rounded, cord-like thickening of the broad ligament; attaches lower end of ovary to uterus |
| Female fetus where do ovaries develop | Near kidneys |
| Ovarian medulla | Mostly composed of loose connective tissue and contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers |
| Ovarian cortex | Consists of more compact tissue and has a granular appearance, due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian follices |
| Oogonia divide by | Mitosis to produce more oogonia in fetal ovaries |
| Oogonia develop into | Primary oocytes |
| When oocyte is surrounded by follicle what does this form | Primordial follicle |
| What percentage of primordial follicle are lost between birth and early childhood | 90% |
| Oogenesis | Process of egg cell formation |
| With each reproductive cycle, some of primordial follicles mature into | Primary follices |
| How many layers do follicular cell proliferate | 6-12 |
| Uterine tubes | 1. Also Fallopian tubes or Oviducts, 2. Fertilization occurs here, 3. Lined with cilia to "brush" ovum down tube |
| Uterus | 1. Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ, 2. Received embryo and sustains development |
| Regions of uterus | 1. Body - upper 2/3; has dome shaped top (fundus), 2. Cervix (or neck) - lower 1/3; partially extends into upper vagina |
| Layers of uterine wall | 1. Endometrium (mucosa), 2. Myometrium (muscle layer), 3. Perimetrium (serous) |
| Vagina | 1. Fibromuscular tube runs between uterus and outside world, 2. Convey uterine secretions, 3. Receive penis during intercourse, 4. Provide channel for offspring during childbirth, 5. Surrounds end of cervix |
| Fornices | Recesses between upper vaginal wall and cervix |
| Vaginal orifice | 1. Partially enclosed by hymen, 2. Thin layer of connective tissue, 3. Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Labia majora | 1. Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin, 2. Enclose and protect other external reproductive organs, 3. Merge to form rounded elevation over the symphysis pubis, the mons pubis |
| Labia minora | 1. Flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora, 2. Well supplied with blood vessels, 3. Anterior end, form a hood-like covering around clitoris |
| Clitoris | 1. Small projection between labia minora, at anterior end of vulva, 2. Corresponds to male penis; composed of 2 columns of erectile tissue |
| Vestibule | 1. Space between that labia minora that encloses vaginal and urethral openings, 2. Vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation |
| Erection in female | 1. Erectile tissues in clitoris and around vaginal entrance respond to sexual stimulation, 2. Nitric oxide dilates arteries in erectile tissue, expanding clitoris |
| Lubrication in female | 1. Sexual stimulation causes vestibular glands to secrete mucus into vestibule, 2. Mucus lubricates vestibule and vagina, aids in intercourse |
| Orgasm in female | 1. Clitoris responds to sexual stimulation, 2. Sexual stimulation ends with orgasm, pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release |
| Female hormones secreted by | Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland |
| Ovaries control what reproductive processes | 1. Development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, 2. Maturation of female sex cells, 3. Changes during the monthly reproductive cycle |
| Ovaries secrete which hormones | 1. Estrogen, 2. Progesterone |
| Estrogens | 1. Stimulate enlargement of accessory reproductive organs, 2. Stimulate thickening of the endometrium, 3. Develop and maintain female secondary sex characteristics |
| Secondary sex characteristics | 1. Breast and mammary gland duct development, 2. Increased adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks, 3. Increased vascularization of skin |
| Progesterone | 1. Stimulates uterine changes during reproductive cycle, 2. Affects mammary glands, 3. Regulates secretion of gonadotropins |
| Menarche | First reproductive cycle |
| Menopause | Stopping of reproductive cycles |
Created by:
kcopeland10