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Muscles- Prime Mover
Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| direction of a muscle's pull is determined by the direction of the ___. | fascicles or fibers |
| (true/false) a muscle cannot lengthen itself. | TRUE |
| (true/false) after a muscle contraction ends and the muscle relaxes, it automatically returns to its resting length. | FALSE |
| ___ provide the major force for producing a specific movement. | prime movers |
| ___ are pairs of muscles which assist in a particular movement by adding force, stability, or direction. They are not covered in this question bank in detail, but are involved in almost all movements. | synergist |
| ___ are pairs of muscles which lengthen one another: e.g. extensors and flexors around a common joint. | antagonist |
| synergists which stabilize a muscle's origin so that it does not move during contraction are called ___. | fixators |
| the ___ protract the jaw. (they provide the "front" motion in grinding while chewing- contracting one side at a time helps produce side to side grinding as well.) | pterygoids |
| the ___ pulls the coronoid process of the mandible toward the temple, deep to the zygomatic arch. | temporalis |
| the temporalis ___ the jaw and also ___ it. | retracts; elevates |
| the ___ is the prime mover in jaw elevation: it pulls the ramus of the madible toward the zygomatic arch. | maasseter |
| the ___ has two bellies held together by a tendon which runs through a fibrous loop on the hyoid. | digastric muscle |
| contraction of the ___ pulls the mandible down toward the hyoid., if movement of the hyoid is prevented by a contraction of the ___. | digastric muscle; infrahyoid muscles |
| the ___ (one on each side) pull the mastoid process of the skull toward the sternum and clavicle. When both contract together, they flex the neck. | sternoclediomastoid muscles |
| the ___ pull the mastoid process and transverse processes of C2 to C4 toward the spinous process of C7 through T6. If the muscles on both sides of the body contract together, the neck is extended or hyperextended. | splenius muscles |
| if the scapulae are fixed, the ___ is also a powerful neck extensor. | trapezius |
| contracting the ___ on one side and the ___ on the other side results in head rotation | sternocleidomastoid; splenius |
| unilateral contraction of the ___ rotates head away from contracting side. | sternoclediomastoid |
| unilateral contraction of the ___ muscles rotates head toward the contracting side. | splenius |
| contracting the ___ and the ___ on the same side results in tilting of the head toward that side. | sternoclediomastoid; splenius |
| contracting the ___ on one side of the body and the ___ on the other rotates the thorax relative to the pelvis. | external oblique; internal oblique |
| the ___pull posterior regions of the ribs toward the mid-line of the abdomen, the pubic crest, and relatively anterior portions of the iliac crest. | external obliques |
| portions of the ___ pull the anterior ribcage toward relatively posterior portions of the iliac crest, and the lumbar fascia | internal obliques |
| most of the synergists for the internal and external obliques are fairly distant:they are found ___. | along the spine |
| the ___, a pair of segmented muscles, pulls the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of the ribs toward the pubic crest and symphysis, thereby flexing the lumbar vertebrae. | rectus abdominis |
| the ___ pull superior ribs and vertebral process toward relatively inferior vertebral processes and the dorsal iliac crests, extending the back. (there are several synergists neraby.) they are visible in the lumbar region: above this, they rare deep to ot | erector spine |
| When the ___ and ___ on one side of the body contract together, rotation is prevented, and the lateral ribcage is pulled toward the iliac crest. | internal obliques; external obliques |
| Contraction of the entire ___ pulls a tuberosity of the humerus toward the clavicle and scapula. | deltoid |
| For abduction beyond horizontal (to bring arm above head) the ___ and ___ must raise and rotate the scapula, so that the glenoid cavity faces upward. | trapezius, serratus anterior |
| The ___ and ___ act together to pull the inntertubercular groove of the humerus toward the ribcage: one pulls toward the front, and the other toward the back. | pectoralis major; latissimus dorsi |
| The ___ portion of the ___ is used to flex the shoulder from the adducted position by pulling the interubercular groove of the humerus toward the sternum. | anterior, deltoid |
| the ___ flexes the shoulder from the abducted position by pulling the inter tubercular groove of the humerus toward the sternum. | pectroalis major |
| the ___ extends the shoulder by pulling the inter tubercular groove of the humerus toward the vertebral column. | latissmus dorsi |
| tendon connecting the ___ to its insertion ( on the lesser tubercle of the humerus) wraps around the humerus from front toward back, so that contraction spins the humerus medially. | subscapularis |
| the tendons of the ___ and ___ wrap the humerus from back toward front, so that contraction rotates the humerus laterally. | teres minor; infraspinatus |
| the upper fascicles of the ___ allow us to shrug by pulling the scapula toward the cervical vertebrae. | trapezius |
| the ___ and the inferior fascicles of the ___ depress the shoulder | rhomboids; trapezius |
| the ___ pulls the radial tuberosity of the radius toward the shoulder, flexing the elbow. its leverage is reduced dramatically if the forearm is ___, since in this position the radial tuberosity faces away from the shoulder. | biceps brachii; pronated |
| the ___ pulls the coronoid process of the ulna toward the humerus, thus flexing the elbow. | brachialis |
| if the forearm is pronated, the ___ and ___ are the prime movers in elbow flexion: the biceps brachii cannot contribute much force | brachioradialis; brachialis |
| the ___ extends he forearm by pulling the olecranon process toward the superior, posterior shaft of the humerus and toward the scapula | triceps brachii |
| the ___ wraps around the radius, originating at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. contraction rotates the radius | supinator |
| The ___ in the arm is also a powerful supinator, since its insertion (the radial tuberosity) is rotated to face the shoulder when this muscle contracts. | biceps brachii |
| the ___ pulls the front of the radius toward the front of the ulna. | pronator quadratus |
| the ___ pulls the bones of the wrist and hand toward the medial epicondyle of the humerus. | flexor carpi radialis; flexor carpi ulnaris; flexor digitorum superficialis |
| the ___ pulls the posterior surfaces of several bones of the hand toward the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, resulting in both finger and wrist extension. (other extensors also contribute to wrist extension.) | extensor digitorum |
| the flexor carpi radialis , extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis and abductor pollicis longus all contribute to ___. | abduction of the wrist |
| the ___ and ___ contribute to adduction of the wrist | flexor carpi ulnaris; extensor carpi ulnaris |
| the ___ and ___ both flex the fingers | flexor digitorum superficialis; flexor digitorum profundus |
| the ___ flexes the pollex (thumb) | flexor pollicis longus |
| flexors are on the ___ of the forearm | anterior |
| the ___ and ___ extend the fingers | extensor digitorum; extensor indicis |
| the ___ and ___ extend the pollex (thumb) | extensor pollicis longus; extensor pollcis brevis |
| extensors are on the ___ of the forearm | posterior |
| abduction of the thumb is accomplished by the ___ in the forearm, as well as by several muscles ___. | abductor pollicis longus; in the hand itself |
| abduction and adduction of the other fingers is accomplished by ___. (details are beyond the scope of this question bank.) | muscles in the hand |
| the ___ pulls the femur toward the iliac crest, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae, thus flexing the hip. | iliopsoas |
| the ___ pulls the femur toward the dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, extending the hip. | gluteus maximus |
| the ___ pull the fibula and tibia toward the ischial tuberosity of the os coxa: with the knee locked, this extends the hip. | hamstrings or biceps femoris, semi-membranous, and semitendinosus |
| the ___ pulls the greater trochanter of the femur toward the iliac crest, abducting the thigh. | gluteus medius |
| the ___, ___, and ___ together with the ___, pull the medial surface of the femur toward the pubis, thus adducitng the thigh. | adductor longus; adducor brevis; adductor magnus; pectineus |
| the ___ pulls the medial surface of the tibia toward the pubis, thus adducting the thigh. | gracilis |
| medial rotation is accomplished by the same muscles that ___ the thigh, together with the ___ and ___. | adduct; gluteus medius; gluteus minimus |
| group of muscles in the posterior of the upper thigh and hip,the sartorius in the anterior thigh, and the popliteus in the back of the knee work together to ___. | laterally rotate the thigh |
| prior to the knee flexion, the ___ rotates the tibia medially relative to the femur, unlocking the knee. | popliteus |
| the ___, ___, and ___ flex the knee. Together, these three muscles are called the ___. | biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus; hamstrings |
| the ___, ___ and ___ pull the tibial tuberosity toward the proximal femur, extending the knee. | vastus lateralis: vastus intermedius; vastus medialis |
| the ___ pulls the tibial tuberosity toward the ilium, extending the knee. | rectus femoris |
| the four muscles which together constitute the quadriceps are the ___, ___, ___ and ___. | vastus lateralis; vastus intermedius; vastus medialis; rectus femoris |
| the ___ pulls the calcaneus toward the distal end of the femur, plantar flexing the ankle.it is most powerful when the knee is straight. | gastrocnemius |
| the ___ pulls the calcaneus toward the proximal ennds of the tibia and fibula, plantar felxing the ankle. | soleus |
| together, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are known as the ___. | triceps surae |
| the ___ pulls the foot toward the lateral tibial condyle and proximal tibia, dorsiflexing the ankle. | tibialis anterior |
| the ___ pulls the medial edge of the foot toward the superior tibia and fibula via a tendon adjacent to the medial mallelous, inverting the foot | tibialis posterior |
| the four smaller toes are flexed by the action of the ___, whose tendon passes through a fibrous band at the ankle which serves as a pulley before reaching the toes. | flexor digitorum longus |
| the hallux (great toe) is flexed by the ___, whose tendon passes through a fibrous band at the ankle which serves as a pulley before reaching the toes. | flexor hallucis longus |
| several muscles in ___ also play a role in toe flexion | the foot itself |
| the four smaller toes are flexed by the action of the ___, whose tendon passes through a fibrous band at the ankle which serves as a pulley before reaching the toes. | extensor digitorum longus |
| the hallux (great toe) is extended by the ___, whose tendon passes through a fibrous band at the ankle which serves as a pulley before reaching the toes. | extensor hallucis longus |
| abduction and adduction of the toes is accomplished by ___: although important, these are beyond the scope of this question bank. | muscles in the foot |
| the ___ raises the eyebrows | epicranius (or frontalis) |
| the ___ pulls the eyebrows together into a frown | corrugator supercilii |
| one winks, blinks, or squints by contracting the ___. | orbicularis oculi |
| the corners of the mouth are raised during a smile by the ___ and ___. | zygomaticus; risorius |
| we raise the upper lip to show the front teeth by contracting the ___. | levator labii superioris |
| to pout (push the lower lip down and out, we contract the ___ and ___. | depressor labii inferioris; mentalis |
| to pull the outer corners of the mouth down into a grimace, we contract the ___. | depressor anguli oris |
| to pursue the lips when we want to kiss or whistle, we contract the ___. | orbicularis oris |
| to widen the mouth, or compress puffed cheeks, we contract the ___. | buccinator |
| the ___ pulls the mouth down, tensing the skin of the neck. | platysma |
| the prime mover for inspiration (breathing in) is the ___ which presses into the abdominal cavity, expanding the thoracic cavity as it does. | diaphragm |
| the ___ assist in inspiration | external intercoastals |
| the ___ draw ribs together during forced exhalation, but for forced expiration, the ___ are used to increase intra-abdominal pressure | internal intercoastals; abdominal muscles |
| the bulk of the crushing force applied by the jaw during mastication is provided by the ___. | masseter |
| in order to manipulate food, the shape of the mouth and position of the tongue must be ___. | changed continuously |
| the ___ pushes food from the cheek to the center of the mouth | buccinator |
| the extrinsic tongue muscles (primarily the ___, ___, and ___) control the position of the tongue. | genioglossus, the styloglossus,and the hypoglossus |
| the ___ control the shape of the tongue | intrinsic tongue muscles |
| muscles used for mastication are also used for ___. | speaking |
| in the second stage of swallowing, the ___ and ___ close the nasal passage by elevating the soft palate. | tensor veli palatini; levator veli palatini muscles |
| in the first stage of swallowing, the ___ widen the pharynx and close the larynx by pulling they hyoid bone forward and upward | suprahyoid muscles |
| in the third stage of swallowing, the ___ propel the food into the esophagus | pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
| in the fourth stage of swallowing, the ___ pull the hyoid bone and larynx down to their origional positions | infrahyoid muscles |
| intra-abdominal pressure is increased by contraction of the ___, the ___, and ___, the ___, and the ___. | rectus abdominis; internal; external obliques; transversus abdominis; diaphragm |
| if the breath is held and ___ is increased, the entire trunk serves as a supportive column many times stronger than the spine itself so that heavy weights can be lifted | intra-abdominal pressure |
| forced expulsion during childbirth, defecation, vomiting, and forced exhalation ( ex. coughing/ sneezing) are all accomplished by increasing ___. | intra-abdominal pressure |
| if the bladder or anal sphincters are weak, involuntary "forced expulsion" of urine or feces may occur whenever ___ is increased | intra-abdominal pressure |
| the ___ lifts the anal canal to resist intra-abdominal pressure (and prevent defecation) | levitor ani muscle |
| the ___ constricts the urethra and inhibits urination | sphincter urethrae |
| the ___ constricts the anus and inhibits defecation | external anal sphincter |
| the ___ and ___ retard blood drainage from the penis (male) or clitoris (female), allowing erection. | ischiocavernosus; bulbospngiosus |
| the ___ forms the lower muscular boundary to the abdominopelvic cavity: its two major muscles, the ___ and ___, contract to resit intra-abdominal pressure | pelvic diaphragm; levator ani; coccygeus |
| most important function of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis is to prevent ___. | dislocation of the humerus |
| the glenoid cavity is so shallow and the range of motion so great that the shoulder is held together primarily by the tendons of the muscles that surround it. The four muscles whose tendons contribute to the most stability are together called the ___. | rotator cuff |
| the four muscles which comprise the rotator cuff are the ___, ___, ___, and ___. | supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis |
| the ___, ___, and ___ pull the lateral edge of the foot toward the lateral surface of the fibula, everting the foot | fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius |
Created by:
csouder