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Routes/formulat.(7)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two classifications of administration | Enteral and parenteral |
| Enteral | Anything involving the alimentary tract from the mouth to the rectum |
| Parenteral | Anything outside of the alimentary tract |
| Local effect | When drug activity is at the site of administration |
| Systemic effect | When a drug is introduced into the circulatory system and carried to the site of activity |
| Enteral routes involve | Oral rectal buccal and sublingual |
| Parenteral routes involve | Intraocular intranasal inhalation intravenous intramuscular intradermal and dermal |
| Most frequent route of administration | Oral |
| Stomach's pH | 1 - 2 |
| Disintegration | The breaking apart of a tablet into smaller pieces |
| Dissolution | When the smaller pieces of a disintegrated tablet dissolve in solution |
| Which dosage form generally reach the circular system faster? Liquid or solid? | Liquid |
| Disintegration and dissolution begins and ends where? | Begins in the stomach and empty into the intestine |
| What do oral formulations contain beside the active drug | Binders lubricants fillers diluents and disintegrants |
| Solution | A clear liquid made up of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent |
| Aqueous | Water used as the solvent |
| What are the advantages of solutions | Homogenous doses, immediately available, easily adjusted and for those who cannot swallow capsules or tablets |
| What are the disadvantages of solutions | Less table, not soluble, require additives for taste and require measurement devices |
| Emulsifier | Enabling agent in emulsions |
| Emulsions | A mixture of two liquids that do not mix with each other in which one liquid is dispersed through the other by using a stabilizer |
| What are the advantages of suspensions | Can orally administered drugs that are insoluble and acceptable solvents can be taken or administered to patients who cannot swallow tablets mask objectionable taste and are more stable chemically then in solution |
| What are the disadvantages of suspensions | Tend to settle overtime and have unpleasant oral texture |
| What is the route of administration for certain drugs when a rapid action is desired | The mouth |
| Water soluble | The property of a substance being able to dissolve in water |
| Sublingual | Under the tongue |
| What is the best known example of a sublingual tablet formulation | Nitroglycerin |
| What are the limitations of sublingual Administration | The Taste the condition of the mouth and the patient |
| Buccal | between the teeth and cheek in the mouth |
| Why are rectal drugs administered | To avoid degradation and for a local effect |
| What are the most common rectal Administration dosage forms | Suppositories Solutions and ointments |
| What are the disadvantages of rectal dosage forms | Not preferred by most patients are inconvenient and the absorption of most drugs is frequently erratic and unpredictable |
| Hemorrhoidal | Painful swollen veins in the rectal area caused by strained bowel movements from hard stools |
| Reasons for parenteral routes of administration | Poorly absorbed, degradation by stomach acid and useful when a patient is uncooperative |
| What are the disadvantages of parenteral routes | Cost require skilled Personnel to administer them it's difficult to remove the dosage and there could possibly be an infection |
| What are the examples of injection dependent parenteral routes of administration | IV IM ID SC epidural and intrathecal |
| What are the examples of injection independent parental routes of administration | Ophthalmic IN, IH, dermal vaginal and otic |
| What are the requirements for injection dependent parenteral routes | Must be sterile and the pH must be carefully maintained and only limited volumes can be injected to avoid pain and necrosis |
| Necrosis | Cell death |
| Buffer system | ingredients in a formulation designed to control the pH |
| Sterile | Free of all microorganisms both harmless and harmful |
| Examples of intravenous | furosemede, morphine |
| Examples of Subcutaneous injections | Insulin Heparin and several vaccines |
| Intramuscular formulation example | Prochlorperazine |
| How long does it take for intravenous administer drugs to circulate throughout the body | 20 seconds |
| why are injectable suspensions difficult to formulate | They must possess syringeability and injectability |
| syringeability | The ease in which a suspension can be drawn from a container into a syringe |
| Injectability | The ease of flow when a suspension is injected into a patient |
| Total parenteral Nutrition Solutions are used for what | To provide triglycerides fatty acids and calories for patients who cannot absorb them from a gastrointestinal tract |
| Diluent | A solvent that dissolve a freeze-dried powder or dilute a solution |
| Examples of Diluent | Sterile water and bacteriostatic water |
| What are the complications that can occur from intravenous administration | Thrombus formation, phlebitis, air emboli and particulate materials such as small pieces of glass |
| What are the reasons for intramuscular route of administration | For those who are unable to take them by oral administration, poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract |
| what are the sizes of the intramuscular injections | 1.5 inches long and 19 to 22 gauge in why should the site of injection for intramuscular size |
| why should the site of injection for intramuscular injections be as far as possible from major nerves and blood vessels | To avoid nerve damage and accidental intravenous administration |
| What are the limitations of intramuscular route of administration | Limited volume of 2 ml in the deltoid and thigh muscles and up to 5 ml in the gluteus maximus |
| Depot | The area in the muscle where the formulation is injected during an intramuscular injection |
| Colloids | Particles up to 100 times smaller than those in a suspension that are however likewise suspended in the solution. |
| What is the z tract injection | This is a technique used for medications that stain the skin and the skin is pulled to one side prior to injection |
| What are the injection sites for intramuscular routes of administration | Deltoids, gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis |
| What is the subcutaneous route of administration used for | for both short-term and very long-term Therapies |
| What is the size of the injections for subcutaneous route of administration | The maximum is about 2 ml in needles are generally 3/8 to 1 inch in length and 24 to 27 gauge |
| Viscosity | Thickness |
| What are the injections sites of the subcutaneous route of administration | The lower abdomen front of thigh upper back and back of upper arm |
| What are the absorption rate of drugs like for the subcutaneous route of administration | Absorption after Administration is generally more rapid and predictable than with oral Administration |
| What are the disadvantages of subcutaneous route of administration | Abscess necrosis and pain for the patient |
| biocompatibility | Not irritating and does not promote infection or abscess |
| What are the requirements for implants | It must be in the subcutaneous tissue and it must be biocompatible |
| What are examples of biocompatible implants | Viadur duros, supprelin and nexplanon |
| Wheal | A raised blister like area on skin caused by an intradermal injection |
| What are intradermal injections used for | Diagnostic reasons desensitization or immunization |
| What is the usual site for intradermal injections | Anterior surface of the forearm |
| What are the needle sizes of the intradermal injections | Generally 3/8 inches long and 25 to 26 gauge with 0.1 ml as the maximum |
| Ophthalmic drugs | Administration to the eye for local treatment of various eye conditions and for anesthesia |
| What is the major problem of ophthalmic administration | Immediate Loss of a dose by natural spillage from the eye, lacrimal drainage and very rapid absorption by the eyelid lining |
| What is the normal volume of Tears in the eye | estimated to be 7 microliter |
| How much can the eye hold up to what volume | 10 microliters |
| What is the ideal volume of drug solution to administer to the eye | 5 - 10 microliters |
| What is the rate of tear production | Approximately 2 microliters per minute the entire pure volume in the eye turns over every 2 to 3 minutes |
| Conjunctiva | Eyelid lining |
| Ophthalmic | Related to the eye |
| Nasal cavity | The cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucus and inhaled contaminants outward and away from the lungs |
| What are the most common drugs used for intranasal administration | For decongestant activity on the nasal mucosa |
| Nasal mucosa | The cellular lining of the nose |
| Intranasal formulations include what | Solutions suspensions ointments and gels |
| What are the three ways a dosage can be lost following nasal administration | The nasal lining contains enzymes that can metabolize integrate some drugs. Protection of the mucus flow. Can cause swallowing of the drug |
| Intranasal dosage form should not be used for longer than what | No longer than 3 to 5 days |
| Inhalation dosage forms are intended for what | To deliver drugs to the pulmonary system |
| What are the main drugs that are used for the inhalation route of Administration | Gaseous or volatile anesthetics. Antihistamines |
| What is the particle size with inhalation dosage forms for large particles | about 20 microns hit in the back of the throat and are eventually swallowed rather than inhaled particles from one to ten microns reached the bronchioles. |
| What is the particle size with inhalation dosage forms for smaller particles | 0.6 Micron that will penetrate to the Aveolar Sacs |
| What is the skin considered to be | The largest and heaviest organ in the body and accounts for about 17% of a person's weight |
| Percutaneous absorption | The absorption of drugs through the skin often for systemic effect |
| What are the dermal Administration advantages | Continuous drug delivery and can be easily removed if necessary |
| What is the disadvantage of dermal Administration | Limited to two milligrams per hour |
| Stratum corneum | The outermost layer of the epidermis |
| Hydrates | Absorbs water |
| What are the advantages of vaginal Administration | Avoids degradation, doses can be retrieved if necessary and it has the potential of providing long-term drug absorption |
| What are the disadvantages of vaginal administration | ph levels changing and absorption characteristics changing over time. Can predispose a patient to toxic shock syndrome if formulation administration is during menstruation |
| What are the formulations for vaginal administration | Solutions powders for Solutions ointments creams Aerosol foams suppositories tablets and iuds |
| What is the toxic shock syndrome | Is a rare potentially fatal disease that results from a severe bacterial infection of the blood with symptoms including a high fever nausea skin rash faintness and muscle ache |
| Vaginal tablets are also known as what | Inserts |
| Contraceptive | Device or formulation designed to prevent pregnancy |
| When was the first plastic t-shaped IUD available | In the 1970s |
| What IUD was developed in in 1976 and manufactured until 2001 | Progesterat |
| What was the success rate of Progesterat | |
| Enteric coated tablets used for when? | When the drug can be degraded by stomach acid especially higher pH in the intestine |
| Modified release formulations | |
| Oral formulations that release the drugvfor longer duration | |
| What are examples of modified release formulations | sustained release, sustained action, extended release, prolonged action controlled/continuous release, time release or long acting |
| Which solid formulation dissolves in the water before the patient takes it | Bulk powder |
| What happens to the capsule as it enters the stomach | The gelatin shell dissolve in the stomach and releases the contents of the drug |
| elixirs | Clear sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid intended for or use |
| Why has pharmaceutical compounding grown | Growth of Home Health Care the unavailability of certain drugs orphan drugs Veterinary compounding and biotechnology derived drug products |
| Reasons for compounding | Pediatric patients patients who need an oral solution or suspension patients with sensitivity to dyes Dermatological formulations for drugs that are no longer commercially available |
| What is manufacturing defined by the USP-NF | The production propagation conversion or processing of a drug or device either directly or indirectly by extraction of the drug from substances of natural origin or by means of chemical or biological synthesis |
| compounding defined by USP-NF | The preparation/mixing/assembling altering packaging/labeling of drug or device in accordance licensed practitioners/Rx medication order/initiative based on practitioner/patient/pharmacist compounder-relationship in course of professional practice |
| Compounding is regulated by what | Individuals state boards of Pharmacy |
| How are usp-nf chaptered standards published? | Chapters less than a thousand are legally enforceable by the FDA and those with greater than 1000 or guidelines or informational chapters |
| Chapter <795> | Regulations from USP NF pertaining to compounding non sterile formulations5 |
| Chapter <797> | Regulations from USP NF pertaining to compounding Sterile formulation |
| What kind of Standards does the USP NF established? | |
| What are the standards of USP NF for personnel | outlines the duties of the pharmacist and the pharmacist responsibility for other personnel |
| What are the standards of USP NF for facilities and equipment | Go into great detail about the physical design and the maintenance of the compounding area eisert non-sterile or sterile should be a designated area away from routine dispensing |
| Quality assurance | A program of activities used to ensure that the compounded formulation meet specifications and satisfied standards |
| Quality control | A set of Standards procedures that determine the quality of the compounded formulation |
| Packaging and storage standards of USP NF | Responsible for the appropriate packaging of compounded formulations that should not chemically react with any drug or ingredient in the formulation with the containers |
| The formulation record | Formulas and procedures for what should happen when a formulation is compounded |
| Compounding record | A record of what actually happened when the formulation was compounded |
| Stability | The extent to which a dosage form attains the same properties and characteristics it possessed when it was made |
| Beyond use date | assign to compounded prescription beyond which the formulation should not be used |
| 2 percent | |
| Quality strength Purity packaging Personnel facilities equipment ingredients and labeling for medications |
Created by:
MelB85