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Microbiology Test 3
Chapters 5 and 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following it true for anabolic reactions? | Anabolic reactions use ATP and small substrates as building blocks to synthesize larger molecules |
| In general, ATP is generated in catabolic pathways and expended in anabolic pathways? | True |
| What is the Allosteric site? | Where non competitive inhibitors bind, around the enzyme not where the substrate attaches. |
| Which of the following would you predict is and allosteric inhibitor of the Krebs cycle enzyme? | NADH |
| Coenzymes are... | organic cofactors important to enzyme activity |
| The use of enzymes is necessary to increase the activation energy requirements of a chemical reaction | False |
| What is t he fate of pyruvic acid in organisms that use aerobic respiration? | it is converted to Acetyl COA |
| Which of the following is the best definition for fermentation? | The oxidation of glucose with organic molecules serving as final electron acceptors. |
| Assume you are working for a chemical company and are responsible for growing a yeast culture that produces ethanol. The yeasts are growing well on the maltose medium but are not producing alcohol. What is most likely the explanation? | O2 is in the medium |
| Glycolysis is utilized by cells in both respiration and fermentation. | True |
| Aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration | Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, Anaerobic respiration uses inorganic molecules other than oxygen as final electron acceptor |
| Fatty Acids are oxidized in the | Krebs Cycle |
| Carbon fixation occurs during light independent phase of... | Photosynthesis |
| Both respiration and photosynthesis require the use of an electron transport chain. | True |
| What is the energy source for chemoheterptroph? | Glucose |
| what is the energy source for photoheterotroph? | Light |
| what is the energy source for chemoautotroph? | NH3- Ammonia and FE2+ Iron |
| what is the energy source for Photoautotroph | Sunlight and carbon dioxide |
| What would increase enzymatic activity in a bacterial cell that normally thrives in the human body? | Slightly increasing temp. within optimum range. |
| Why is the calvin benson cycle also termed the "light independent reaction" of photosynthesis? | Sunlight is not directly needed to carry out this process |
| What is the source of electrons that reduce 1, 3-bisphosphoglyceric acid? | NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinocleotide phosphate |
| what is the key product formed by the Calvin Benson cycle? | G3P Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
| How many of the 6 G3ps produced in one cycle are used to make one molecule of glucose? | One |
| What is the net total (gain or loss) of ATP after one calvin cycle? | loss of Nine |
| Why is ATP required for glycolysis? | ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into 2-3 carbon molecules . |
| How many different ATPs can be made from one molecule of Glucose in glycolysis? | Two |
| What carbon molecules remain at the end of glycolysis? | Pyruvic Acid |
| Glycolysis is also known as... | Embden- Meyerhof pathway |
| Fermentation is an alternative way... | To return electron carriers to their oxidized state |
| What is the role of Pyruvic Acid in Fermentation? | It takes the electrons from NADH, and oxidizes them back to NAD+ |
| What is the Fate of NAD+ newly regenerated by fermentation? | it returns to glycolysis to pick up more electrons |
| Which acid is produced by fermentation? | Lactic Acid and Propionic Acid |
| What is the intermediate product formed by Pyruvic Acid during Fermentation? | Acetaldehyde |
| Anabolic | Build up macromolecules by combining simpler molecules, using energy in its process |
| Catabolic | Breakdown macromolecules into simpler component parts, releasing energy in the process. |
| Catabolic and anabolic pathways are linked by... | Energy |
| Catalyst | substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves |
| Metabolic Pathway | sequences of chemical reactions |
| Substrate | a molecule on which the enzyme acts |
| Phosphorlaytion | Addition of phosphate group |
| Function of an Enzyme | proteins that speed up a reaction by decreasing the 'activation' energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| proteins that speed up a reaction by decreasing the 'activation' energy required to start a chemical reaction | Temperature pH Enzyme and substrate concentrations Presence of inhibitors Competitive Non-competitive |
| Competitive Inhibitors | Substances that block an enzyme's active site Do not denature enzymes |
| Non-competitive inhibitors | Substances that alter an enzyme's active site structure by binding to enzyme at allosteric stie |
| Explain how feedback inhibition conserves the cell's energy | stops the metabolic pathway when final end product accumulates |
| Summerize the four steps in aerobic respiration | Glycolysis Preparatory step Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain |
| Glycolysis | Glucose to pyruvic acid. 2 ATP, 2 Enzymes |
| Prepatory step | Pyruvic acid to acetyl-coA, 0 ATP, 2 Enzymes |
| Krebs Cycle | Acetyl-coA to electrons, 2 ATP, 8 Enzymes |
| Electron Transport Chain | 12 electrons to ATP and H20, 34 ATP, 0 Enzymes |
| Summarize the two steps in fermentation | 1) Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid as an end product (2 ATPs) 2) Conversion/transition produces a variety of end products - lactic acid (organic), acetic acid (vinegar) or CO2, ethanol (inorganic) (0 ATP) =total of 2 ATP only |
| Where would you find the lowest PH? | Thylakoid Space |
| What drives the production of ATP in cyclic photophosphorlyation? | Protein Gradient |
| where does the energy to excite the electrons in photosystem 1 come from? | Sunlight |
| The bridge step in the krebs cycle | Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid |
| what is the function of GTP? | energy carrier |
| Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a | Hypertonic environment |
| ?Most bacteria grow best at what pH? | 7 |
| Patients with indwelling catheters are susceptible to infections because | Biofilms develop on catheters |
| Accurately describe the culture medium for growing clostridium tetani? | reducing media are complex containing chemicals, such as thioglycolate, that combine with oxygen, creating aerobic environment, |
| The source of nutrients in a nutrient agar are | Peptone and beef extract |
| Chemical requirements foe microbial growth | Contain necessary elements (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and electrons), macronutrients, microutrients |
| Autotrphohs | Those using an inorganic carbon source (carbon dioxide) |
| Heterotrophs | Those catabolizing organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids) |
| Chemotrophs | Acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals |
| Phototrophs | use light as their energy source |
| Binary fission | Splitting parent cell to form two similar-sized daughter cells to increase number of cells |
| Generation time | Duration of each division Determined by type of bacteria |
| State the temperature range of the body, room and refrigerator. | 35-37C - body temperature 25-30C - room temperature 4-8C - refrigerator temperature |
| Describe how biofilms form. | Biofilms form when microbes adhere to a surface that is moist and contains organic matter |
| The term facultative anaerobe refers to an organism that | Uses oxygen or grows without oxygen. |
| Which of the following is NOT used to determine metabolic activity? | Turbidity |
| A culture medium consisting of agar, human blood, and beef heart is a | Complex medium. |
| During which growth phase will gram-positive bacteria be most susceptible to penicillin? | Log phase |
| Which of the following is an organic growth factor? | NAD+ |
Created by:
Shelbyfey