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Government
Government Midterm Ch 7-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Representative Democracy | A representative democracy is one in which the people elect representatives that govern in their name. . |
| Direct Democracy | The only model for self-government was ancient Athens, where the people had governed themselves in a direct democracy. |
| differences between representative and direct democracies | Representative democracy: elected representatives (house of representatives, representative- Jason Murphey) Direct: the people govern themselves citizens in Athens met to debate and vote, only possible because property owning citizens were male. |
| What is an Autocracy | in an autocracy there is a single ruler or a small elite rules society. this system has little need to be responsive to people and the ruler(s) hold most of the power and generally don't have to be accountable to those they rule. |
| Social Contract | a social contract is a relationship between the government and those who are being governed. |
| Natural (unalienable) rights | rights so fundamental that government cannot take them away ( the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness) |
| rule of law | the principle that can prevent mob rule and keep a political or popular majority under control so it could not trample on minority rights |
| Party indentification | also known as partisanship, is a psychological attachment to a particular party (republican or democrat) |
| liberals | left end of the scale, higher taxes on rich, abortion, welfare, big government |
| Conservatives | right end of the scale, small government, pro-life, second ammendment |
| populists | opposing concentrated wealth and adhering to traditional moral values |
| libertarians | believe the government should stay out of economic and social matters |
| Capitolism | an economic system in which business enterprises and key industries are privately owned |
| Socialism | business enterprises and key industries are owned by the government |
| equality of opportunity | the expectation that citizens will be treated equally before the law and have an equal opportunity to participate in government |
| equality of outcome | the expectation that incomes will level out or that standards of living will be roughly the same for all citizens |
| Articles of Confederation | initial governing authority if the United State 1781-1788, limiting powers |
| Enumerated powers | powers granted to congress by the Constitution |
| implied powers | powers not expressly granted to congress but added through the necessary and proper clause |
| federalism | System of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between national and state governments |
| checks and balances | government structure that authorizes each branch of government to share powers with the other branches, thereby holding some scruitny of and control over the other branches. |
| Separation of Powers | government structure in which authority is divided among branches with each hold separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility |
| three-fifths compromise | compromise over slavery at the constitutional convention that granted states extra representation in the House of Representatives based on their number of slaves at the ratio of three-fifths |
| Bill of Rights | the first ten amendments of the constitution that provide basic political rights |
| Electoral College | the presidential electors, selected to represent the votes of their respective states, who meet every four years to cast the electoral votes for president and vice president. |
| judicial review | authority of courts to declare laws passed by congress and act of the executive branch to be unconstitutional |
| federalists | initially, those who supported the Constitution during the ratification period; later the name of the political party established by supporters of Alexander Hamilton. |
| anti-federalists | those who opposed the new proposed constitution during the ratification period. |
| Necessary and proper clause | gives congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper to the powers enumerated in Article I section 8 |
| Connecticut Compromise | Compromise on legislative representation whereby the lower chamber is based on population and the upper chamber provides equal representation to the states |
| Confederal system | System of government in which ultimate authority rests with the regional governments (state government) |
| unitary system | system of government in which ultimate authority rests with the national government |
| reserve powers | powers retained by the states under the constitution |
| concurrent powers | powers held by both the national and state governments in a federal system |
| supremacy clause | makes federal law supreme over state laws ( article 6) |
| commerce clause | gives congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, with indian tribes, and among the various states ( Article I sec. 8) |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Supreme court case in 1819 upholding the right of congress to create a bank (fell within necessary and proper clause) |
| dual federalism | doctrine holding that state governments and the federal government have almost completely separate functions |
| fugitive slave clause | required states to return runaway slaves;negated by 13th amendment |
| civil liberties | those rights, such as freed of speech and religion, that are so fundamental that they are outside the authority of the government to regulate ( they were written into the bill of rights of the U.S. Constitution |
| civil rights | Set of rights centered around the concept of equal treatment that government is obliged to protect |
| exclusionary rule | supreme court rule declaring that evidence found in violation of the fourth amendment cannot be used at trial |
| selective incorporation | doctrine used by the supreme court to make those provisions of the bill of rights that are fundamental rights binding in the states |
| symbolic speech | actions,such as burning the flag, that convey a political message without spoken words |
| clear and present danger test | first amendment test that requires the state to prove there is a high likelihood that the speech in question would lead to a danger that congress has a right to prevent |
| prior restraint | government restrictions on freedom of the press that prevent material from being published |
| compelling interest test | standard frequently used by the supreme court in civil liberties cases to determine whether a state has a compelling interest for infringing on a right and whether the law is narrowly drawn to meet that interest |
| miller test | supreme court test for determining whether material is obscene or not |
| valid secular purpose | supreme court test that allows states to ban activities that infringe on religious practices as long as the state has a nonreligious rationale for prohibiting the behavior |
| establishment clause | first amendment clause prohibiting governmental establishment of religion |
| free exercise clause | first amendment clause protecting the free exercise of religion |
| Lemon test | test for determining whether aid to religion violates the establishment clause |
| double jeopardy | the double jeopardy clause prevents the person who has been acquitted of a crime from being tried for the same offense again |
| Roe v. Wade | 1973 supreme court case extending the right to privacy to abortion |
| Lawrence v. Texas | 2003 supreme court case extending the right to privacy to homosexual behavior |
| civil rights | Set of rights centered around the concept of equal treatment that government is obliged to protect |
| civil liberties | those rights, such as freed of speech and religion, that are so fundamental that they are outside the authority of the government to regulate ( they were written into the bill of rights of the U.S. Constitution |
| equality of opportunity | the expectation that citizens will be treated equally before the law and have an equal opportunity to participate in government |
Created by:
astine1