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Speech Science Test
Resonance, Articulatory system, Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain how a nerve fires in terms of depolarization. | In order for a neuron to fire the resting membrane potential (voltage across the cell membrane) must be distributed (depolarized). The electric charges within and outside the cell reverse with the inside becoming positively charged. |
| Explain how a nerve fires in terms of repolarization. | Sodium enters the extracellular fluid while potassium ions escape the extracellular fluid. The cell then reverts back to a negative charge (repolarization). |
| excitatory post-synaptic potential | Excitatory post-synaptic potential is one of the actions of the neurotransitter that lower the threshold of the post-synaptic neuron to fire by raising its threshold. |
| inhibitory post-synaptic potential. | The other action of the neurotransmitter that makes it more difficult for the post-synaptic neuron to fire by raising its threshold. |
| Explain somatotopic organization | Somatotopic organization is the motor control according to body part. It is the way the exact areas of the body and their control are organized in the CNS. |
| Explain the motor homunculus | The differing amount of neural tissue allocated to motor control areas that is usually depicted in a caricature drawing called the homunculus. It shows that different parts of the body have disproportionate amounts of area represented. |
| How is the brain separated? | It is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure, separated into front and back by the central sulcus, and broken up into superior and inferior by the lateral fissure. It is also divided into frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes |
| what is the cortex? | The cortex of the brain is the outer layer cover the brain. It is a convoluted surface with ridges, and depressions. |
| Brodmann areas that are important for speech, language, and hearing. | 1, 2 , 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 19, 22 (wernicke’s area), 39, 40, 41, 42, 44 (Broca’s area), and 45 (Broca’s area). |
| basal nuclei | aka basal ganglia are grey matter areas of the brain that include the caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, and the substantia nigra. This area connects with other areas and pathways in the brain, receiving input from motor areas. |
| function of the basal nuclei | The primary function of this area is a regulator of motor control such as posture, balance, muscle tone, and muscle coordination. It is also responsible for indirect control of voluntary movements associated with speech production. |
| thalamus, | this area is involved with motor and sensory functions. It is sometimes called the gateway to consciousness because it is the relay center that all information (except smell) passes through before traveling to the cerebral cortex. |
| function of the thalamus | The nucleus send information to and receives input from the cerebral cortex . The thalamic nuclei that are essential for speech and hearing are the ventral anterior nuclei, ventral lateral nuclei, and medial geniculate body. |
| hypothalamus | a subcortical grey matter area involved in sensory and motor control of visceral functions. It is strongly linked to the limbic system. It is not under our conscious control. Connects with limbic system, pituitary gland, and brainstem. |
| function of the hypothalamus | Regulates hormonal function, body temperature, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, sexual drive, blood pressure, other functions designed to keep body’s internal environment in equilibrium (homeostasis). |
| cerebrum | made up of two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum. outer layer, the cerebral cortex made up of grey and white matter. largest part of the brain, making up about 4/5ths of its weight. four lobes: occipital, frontal, temporal, parietal. |
| function of cerebrum | It initiates voluntary movement, is the seat of will, intelligence, and memory |
| cerebellum | located in the back of the brain and has two hemispheres. It is part of the hindbrain and has white and grey matter. It controls posture and equilibrium. |
| similarities between the cerebrum and cerebellum | they both have two hemispheres and a highly folded surface. They both contain white and grey matter. |
| Cranial nerves responsible for speech and hearing | 5 trigeminal, 7 facial, 8 vestibulocochlear, 9 glossopharyngeal, 10 vagus, 12 hypoglossal |
| UMN | nerve cells and their axons coming from different cortical areas and going to the brainstem and spinal cord. Transmits final neuromuscular commands to LMN. Major tracts are corticospinal and corticobulbar. |
| LMN | nerve cells and axons of cranial and spinal nerves that connect with voluntary muscles. Transmits final neuromuscular commands to target structures for movement execution. Nerves here are often called the final common pathway since all cortical and subcor |
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve | it is a branch of the Vagus nerve. It supplies sensation to the larynx below the vocal folds. Damage to this nerve can lead to a weakened voice (hoarseness), loss of voice (aphonia), and cause respiratory issues. |
| frontal lobe | contains Broca’s area which is critical for speech production. It controls and sequences the motor movements required to produce speech. |
| parietal lobe | the angular gyrus is responsible for comprehension of written materials and the supramarginal gyrus is responsible for planning motor activities for speech production. |
| temporal lobe | contains Wernicke’s area which is responsible for understanding and decoding speech |
| occipital lobe | this lobe processes visual information |
| limbic lobe | contains the hippocampus which is involved in learning and memory and the amygdala which is involved in creating long term memories |
| thalamus | all information passes through here and specific nuclei transfer auditory, motor, and visual information to the areas of the brain that process it for speech production |
| hypothalamus | this controls how we react to our internal and external environmental conditions which allow us to function |
| Brainstem | vital for respiration, temperature, swallowing, and digestion which are important in speech production |
| Cerebellum | this area controls voluntary and involuntary movement which is essential in writing and coordination of motor tasks essential to speech production |
| The source-filter theory is based on a male’s vocal tract positioned for the schwa vowel. | true |
| 3 elements involved in the source-filter theory | 1. the glottal sound (source function), 2. the vocal tract (transfer function) based on male’s vocal tract at the position of the schwa with resonant formants at 500Hz, 1500 Hz and 2500 Hz. 3. sound at the lips (output function) |
| Source-filter theory | The manner in which the vocal tract filters the glottal sound. Theory shows when an adult male produces the schwa sound, the sound that comes from the lips is characterized acoustically as 500 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2500 Hz. |
| Air-filled cavities with a larger volume will respond best to lower driving frequencies | true |
| acoustic resonance | Air filled containers forced to vibrate by an applied frequency or frequencies. Smaller volume of air resonates more stronger to higher frequencies.Larger volume of air resonates more strongly to lower frequencies. |
| Vowel formants are unaffected by the speaker’s age and gender. | false |
| The longer the resonator, the lower the RF. | true |
| vowel formants | Formant frequencies related to volumes of the oral and pharyngeal spaces |
| F1 related to pharyngeal cavity volume and how tight vocal tract is constricted | true |
| F2 related to length of oral cavity (females have shorter vocal tracts than males, children’s vocal tracts are even smaller). | true |
| Resonant systems always have a clear-cut point above which frequencies are amplified and below which they are attenuated | false |
| bandwidth | Range of frequencies a resonator responds to. |
| narrowly tuned | Regular shaped (symmetrical container) will transmit a narrow range of frequencies. I.e. Tube with a RF of 500Hz, could have have bandwidth of 100 Hz. Will respond to frequencies within the bandwidth. 450 Hz to 550 Hz |
| broadly tuned | Irregular shaped (non-symmetrical container) have wider bandwidths. I.e Tube with a RF of 500 Hz, could have a bandwidth of 400 Hz. Will respond t frequencies within that bandwidth. 300 Hz to 700 Hz |
| Forced vibration is the basis of resonance | true |
| Resonance | System vibrates with greatest amplitude in response to a frequency that matches or comes close to its own natural frequency |
| Forced vibration occurs when the vibration of one object sets another object into vibration when the two natural frequencies match | true |
| The vocal tract’s irregular shape makes it a broadly tuned resonator that transmits a wide range of frequencies. | true |
| According to the source-filter theory, the output function represents the glottal sound that has been filtered according to the frequency response of the vocal tract. | true |
| acoustic characteristics | intensity, frequency, and time |
| time | duration measured in milliseconds (msec.) or seconds (sec.); 1 sec. = 1000 sec |
| frequency | cycles per second; Hertz (Hz); Perceived as pitch; Direct link between frequency and pitch |
| intensity | amplitude or magnitude; Decibels (dB); 25 decibels = 25 dB not 25 dBs; Perceived as loudness; Direct link between intensity and loudness; Vowels and diphthongs greater in intensity than consonants |
| Intensity of individual phonemes in connected speech varies considerably: | from utterance to utterance, from speaker to speaker, conversation to conversation |
| phoneme lenght varies | Whether the phoneme occurs in stressed or unstressed syllable, Phonemic context (other vowels or consonants that surround the phoneme), Importance of meaning of a word in an utterance that contains a phoneme. |
| equation to convert period to frequency | f=1/T (to convert period to frequency) |
| equation to convert frequency to period | T=1/f (to convert frequency to period) |
| vowels | Greater Intensity, Greater Duration, Formants (dark horizontal bars) |
| Formants | Resonant Frequencies of the vocal tract |
| Each vowel has a unique formant frequency due to positioning of articulators | true |
| formant 1 | (pharyngeal cavity) |
| formant 2 | (length of the vocal tract) |
| formant 3 | (level of the lips) |
| Generally front vowels will have a higher F2 than back vowels | true |
| F1 inversely related to tongue height; the higher the tongue height, the lower the F1 value | true |
| F2 is inversely related to tongue advancement; the more fronted the tongue placement, the higher the F2 value | true |
| Consonants | No obvious formant patterns, Voiced & Unvoiced, Time, intensity and frequency for each manner will differ. |
| Obstruent Consonants | Stops, fricatives & affricates, Noise source will be the key acoustic feature, Sounds that are formed by obstructing the airflow |
| Stops | Involve obstruction of the airstream, a buildup of intra-oral air pressure, and a release burst, Aspiration, Four acoustic characteristics: silent or stop gap, the release burst, voice onset time and formant transitions. |
| Voice Onset Time (VOT) | Voiceless (VL) sounds will always have longer VOTs that Voiced (V) sounds,VOT will vary based on:aspirated or not,place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, or velar),VOTs associated with VL sounds range between 25 and 100 ms,VOTs associated with V sounds |
| Acoustic Cues that signal the presence or absence of voicing in stop consonants | VOT, Vowel length preceding a final stop, Presence of voice bars, Loudness level |
| Fricatives | have the highest frequency phonemes, Frequency spectrum dictated by the location of the constriction in the vocal tract during their production, 2 groups based on their intensity characteristic Sibilants: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/, Non-sibilants: /θ, ð, f, v, h/ |
| The larger the cavity, the lower the frequency spectrum. | true |
| /-th/ least intense of all English phonemes | true |
| VL sibilants will have greater intensity | true |
| Sonorant Consonants | Consist of nasals, glides and liquids; Little or no construction in the oral cavity; Resonance throughout the vocal tract; Similar to vowels |
| how are sonorant consonants similar to vowels | Formant structure, Greater in intensity and duration when compared to obstruents |
| Nasals | Resonance occurs in the nasal cavity, oral cavity and pharynx; Oral cavity considered a side branch of the vocal tract that now extends from the larynx to the nares; Size decreases with the location of the constriction of the vocal tract from /m/→/n/→/ŋ/ |
| vocal tract | basically a tube filled with air, is an acoustic resonator. It acts as a filter to selectively transmit frequencies through it, frequencies either produced by the larynx or within the vocal tract itself |
| quarter-wave resonator | a tube open at one end and closed at the other. the vocal tract is a quater-wave resonator. |
| 3 prime characteristics of the vocal tract | the vocal tract is a tube open on one side and closed on the other, its complex shape makes it a series of airfilled containers hooked to each other, it is a variable resonator |
| the irregular shape of the vocal tract makes it a narrowly tuned resonator that transmits a limited range of frequencies around each RF | False. the irregular shape of the vocal tract makes it a broadly tuned resonator that transmits a wide range of frequencies around each RF |
| an adult male's vocal tract is about 17 cm long at rest | true |
| formants | the resonant frequency of the vocal tract |
| variable resonator | 3rd characteristic of the vocal tract. means frequency response changes depending on the shape |
| Typically only the first 3 formants are considered in speech production | true. F1, F2, F3 |
| F3 is the lowest formant and is the most intense | false. F1 |
| source-filter theory of vowel production | the manner in which the vocal tract filters the glottal sound |
| the three elements involved in the source-filter theory | the glottal sound (source function), the vocal tract resonator (transfer function), and the sound at the lips (output function) |
| the source-filter theory is based on a male's vocal tract in its position for the schwa vowel, which is relatively constant cross section | true |
| when the vocal tract changes in shape, the relationship between the oral and pharyngeal spaces changes as well | true |
| F1 frequency depends on the volume of the pharyngeal cavity; the higher the vowel, the lower the F1 | true |
| F2 frequency is related to the length of the oral cavity; back vowels have a lower F2 and front vowels have a higher F2 | true |
| the shaping of the vocal tract in order to generate particular formants is essentially dependent of vocal fold vibration | false: it is independent; aka the source function and transfer function are independent |
| a spectrogram charts intensity, frequency, and duration | true |
| formant transitions | the acoustic result of changing tongue position is that the vocal tract filtering function changes in midstream, resulting in the formants shifting frequency from the beginning to the end of the sound |
| sonorant sounds | always voiced; glides belong to this class of sounds; airflow in this kind of sound is not completely smooth and laminar, but neither is it turbulent |
| spectrographic characteristics of stops include the silent gap, release burst, formant transitions, and voice onset time | true |
| voiced stops include signs of vocal fold vibration such as the voice bar and formants superimposed on the release burst | true |
| voiceless stops have a greater degree of aspiration than voiced stops | true |
| aspiration | noise generated by turbulent airflow; seen with voiceless sounds/stop |
| silent gap | reflects the time during which the articulators are forming the blockage and oral pressure is building up |
| voice bar | for voiced stops, a band of low-frequency energy, is sometimes apparent; is an indication that vocal fold vibration is occurring during the articulatory closure and pressure buildup |
| release burst | burst of aperiodic sound which follows the silent gap |
| a very low F1 frequency signifies that the vocal tract is constricted | true |
| VOT | voice onset time; refers to the time between the release of the articulatory blockage to the beginning of vocal fold vibration for the following vowel; can be positive or negative depending on the timing of the initiation of vf vib in relation to burst |
| frication | the turbulent flow of air in a fricative results in noise called frication, depicted as a wide band of energy distributed over a broad range of frequencies |
| fricatives are characterized by white noise | true |
| white noise | aperiodic sound that has its energy distributed fairly evenly throughout the spectrum |
| the spectrum for fricatives depends on place of articulation because fricative noise is resonated most strongly anterior to the articulatory constriction | true |
| the bilabial and palatal fricatives have less intense acoustic energy at high frequencies because of the way that they are resonated | false; the alveolar and palatal fricatives have more intense acoustic energy at high frequencies because of the way that they are resonated |
| nasals | three sounds that are produced by lowering the velum and resonating the sound wave in the nasal cavities |
| antiresonances/antiformants | coupling the oral and nasal cavities; bands of frequencies in which the acoustic energy has been damped; look like extremely weak intensity formants |
| nasal murmur | the oral cavity is blocked momentarily either at the lips, alveolar ridge, or velum, which in combination with lowered velum generates the nasal murmur |
| coarticulation | as sounds are produced to form words, individual segments influence each other and modify the acoustic characteristics of the resulting sounds |
| suprasegmental characteristics | as we form a sentence by combining segments, we continuously change many aspects of pitch, intensity, and other factors |
| backward coarticulation | refers to an upcoming sound influencing a preceding sound |
| anticipatory coarticulation | occurs when a preceding sound modifies an ensuing sound |
| suprasegmental features of speech include: | intonation, stress, and duration |
| intonation | refers to the variation in fundamental frequency levels throughout a breath group |
| breath group | refers to a phrase or sentence that is produced on one exhalation |
| stress is generated by: | varying the frequency, intensity, and duration of a syllable or word in order to increase or decrease emphasis |
| heteronyms | words where the stress on the first syllable indicates a noun and the stress on the second syllableindicates a verb |
| vowel reduction | occurs when the formant patterns of a vowel become neutralized and shift toward the schwa |
| the articulatory system includes the vocal tract and the structures within it | true |
| the articulators act as a set of valves that regulate the flow of air through the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds | true |
| in the traditional classification system, consonants are categorized according to place, manner, and voicing | true |
| vowels are classified in terms of tongue height and tongue advnacement | true |
| the vocal tract is a variable quarter-wave resonator with multiple resonant frequencies | true |
| the source-filter theory explains vowel production in terms of the laryngeal source function, the vocal tract transfer function, and the output function | true |
| acoustic characteristics of vowels and consonants depend on their articulation and can be seen on spectrograms | true |
| connected speech is characterized by coarticulation and suprasegmentals | true |
| resonant frequency RF | frequency at which the object vibrates; aka natural |
| forced vibration | refers to the fact that the vibrations from one object can set another object into vibration if the RFs of both objects are reasonably close to each other |
| applied frequency | the wave that forces a resonator into vibration; aka the driving frequency |
| a container filled with air acts as an acoustic resonator that selectively filters applied frequencies | true |
Created by:
morgan.mccollum