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bisc 162 exam 2 pt 1
bisc 162 exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 4 characteristics of animals | multicellular, heterotrophic, internal digestion, and some sort of movement |
| what type of heterotroph are animals | chemoheterotrophic |
| why do we still say that sponges and sea squirts have form of movement | because they have a larval stage with flagella or some sort of movement |
| _______ and _________ traits are animal synapomorphies | genetic and morphological |
| since animal cells do not have cell walls, they use their ______ _______ to retain their shape | extracellular matrix |
| animals are the only organisms that use what 2 chemical compounds in their extracellular matrix? | collagen and proteoglycan |
| the presence of ______ ______ and ________ _______ are a synapomorphy of animals on a cytoskeleton cellular level | extracellular matrix and intracellular junctions |
| _______ are between animal cells and are used to anchor or link cells together or used for communication between animal cells | junctions |
| animals are monophyletic. T or F | true |
| what is the synapomorphy of ALL animals? | unique cell junctions; collagen and proteoglycans in their extracellular matrix |
| what is the most diverse and largest group of animals | arthropods |
| the majority of arthropods are _______ | insects |
| behind arthropods. what is the next most diverse group of animals | mollusks |
| LOOK AT TABLE 31.1 | |
| _________ are one of the earliest groups of animals | sponges |
| sponges have tissues. T or F | false; only made up of different cell types no tissues though |
| how do we know the choanoflagellates are the sister group to animals? | FIND THIS OUT IN OFFICE HOURS |
| when we see the suffix -cyte we know that means | cell |
| sister group to animals | choanoflagellate |
| sponge cells are very similar to __________ | choanoflagellates |
| what do sponge cells and choanoflagellates have in common | collar, flagella, and some choanoflagellates are colonial |
| in sponges, the _______ takes up water and the _______ filters water for food | flagella; collar |
| ________ will take up little particles of food and deliver it to the _________ and the food will then be distributed to the _________ in a sponge | collar, choanocyte, amoebocyte |
| the process that sponges use to get food is called ______ _______ | filter feeding |
| in a sponge, the _________ makes gametes and make both sperm and egg and chunk it into the water | amoebocyte |
| the ______ is the nonliving part of the sponge and it makes up the main body structure | spicule |
| the spicule holds the ________ and ________ together and can be made of what? | amoebocyte and choanocyte; silica, proteins, carbon carbonate - depends on what phylogenetic group of sponges |
| the sponges draw water in through the _______ and then push it out via the _________ | flagella; osculum |
| sponges reproduce both ________ and ___________ | sexually; asexually |
| fusion of sperm and egg makes | zygote |
| zygote going through lots of mitosis and specializing cells makes | embryo |
| early development - early mitotic divisions; specific ways cells go through mitosis | cleavage |
| early development in animals - hollow ball stage | blastula |
| inside of blastula | blastocoel |
| infolding of blastula | gastrulation |
| fully push in cells of blastula through gastrulation | gastrula |
| ________ and _______ features define early phylogenetic events | embryonic and developmental |
| what are the 4 embryonic and developmental features that define early phylogenetic events in animals | symmetry, type of body cavity, blastopore fate, and cleavage/tissue layers |
| the dent in the blastula is called | blastopore |
| animal body plans are (usually) _________ | symmetrical |
| what are the 2 main types of animal symmetry | radial and bilateral |
| all animals are either bilateral or radial T or F | F. some sponges are asymmetrical |
| symmetry where if you cross the central axis at any point, either side of that line is a mirror image - cnidaria | radial |
| symmetry where there is 1 central line you can cut down an animal and get a mirror image across that line | bilateral |
| no symmetry (sponges) | asymmetry |
| most animal groups are _________ symmetrical | bilateral |
| why are adult echinoderms considered bilaterians if their adult form is pentaradial? | because their larvae are bilateral - sometimes have to go back to early development to find a shared characteristic |
| 5 planes of radial symmetry | pentaradial - adult starfish |
| bilateral symmetry evolved how many times | a single time |
| tissue layers form through ______ ________ | cell specialization |
| do you maintain embryonic tissues your whole life | no |
| gastrulation can lead to 2 different forms of tissue layers. what are they | diploblastic and triploblastic |
| 2 types of embryonic tissue layers; ectoderm and endoderm | diploblastic |
| 3 types of embryonic tissue layers; ectoderm, endoderm, mesdoerm | triploblastic |
| where and how the mesoderm forms is important in developing _____ ______ and ________ | organ systems and muscle |
| _______ animals are not monophyletic, but _________ animals are (tissue layers) | diploblastic; triploblastic |
| LOOK AT FIG 31.1 | |
| triploblastic includes the groups of _______ and _________ | protostomes and deuterostomes |
| the _________ tissue layer allows you to form different body cavities through the formation of the blastopore | mesoderm |
| _____ cavities form differently among groups | body |
| the opening of the gastrula | blatopore |
| what is the fate of the blastopore in a protostome | the mouth |
| what is the fate of the blastopore in a deuterostome | the anus |
| the blastopore because the opening to the start or end of the ________ system | digestive |
| formation of blastopore defines ______ different clades | 2 |
| type of body cavity is determined by _____ _______ organization | tissue layer |
| space between mesoderm and space that exists between embryonic tissue layers | coelom |
| when something is tripoblastic with no space between tissue layers; no opening, no fluid, layer of tissue on tissue | acoelomate |
| triploblastic with open space between mesoderm and endoderm; fluid filled body cavity | pseudocoelom |
| triploblastic with endoderm surrounded by mesoderm and a layer of mesoderm after ectoderm (muscle) and a cavity lined with mesoderm | true coelom |
| pseudocoelomate and true coeloms have ________ skeleton | hydrostatic |
| ________ pressure holds and gives organism structure - why earth worms are firm and flatworms are squishy | hydrostatic pressure |
| type of body cavity will influence how an animal ________ | moves |
| roundworms have a ________ coelom and earth worm has a ________ coelom | pseudo; true |
| how do things with pseudocoelom move | only have 1 layer of mesoderm - only 1 muscle so they can contract to right and left and push fluid around to move |
| how do things with a true coelom like an earthworm move | longitudinal and circular muscle that can contract and squeeze to make the worm skinnier and move fluid around the body; contracts circular to change girth; repeatedly expanding and contracting much more controlled movement of fluid |
| a true coelom gives animals a ________ skeleton and allows them to move differnent as opposed to if they were a round worm or flat worm | hydrostatic |
| _______ systems evolved in eumetazoa, other organ systems evolved later | nervous |
| the earliest organ system that evolved | nervous system |
| we first see the nervous system in what clade of animals | cnidaria |
| system that gets rid of nitrogen; lot of nitrogen in proteins and nucleic acids and they generate a lot of nitrogenous waste we need to remove | excretory system |
| what are the 5 organ systems in animals | nervous, digestive, excretory, reproductive, and circulatory |
| presence of the coelom-based body cavity facilitated formation of ______ _________ | organ systems |
| where they do the removal of waste products and take in food in things like cnidarians and flatworms; not a gut like our gut, 1 opening | gastrovascular cavity |
| a gut with one opening, in and out same way | incomplete gut |
| gut with 2 openings | complete gut |
| what did the coelom - based body cavity help facilitate the formation of? (5) | gastrovascular cavity, incomplete vs complete gut, nervous system, excretory system, and muscles |
| most _________ have several organ systems | several |
| when you look at a diverse group, you tend to have a lot more _______ ________ | organ systems |
| look at figure 32.13 | |
| ________ have complex organ systems | arthropods |
| arthropods have what kind of circulatory system | open |
| how do land arthropods get oxygen | trachea - tubes that go from the outside to the inside (not connected to blood), instead of blood vessels have air vessels that connect to the whole body, spiracles book lungs?? |
| how do arthropods get rid of nitrogenous waste | malpighian tubules |
| echinoderms have a _______ _______ system | water vascular |
| what is the process of the water vascular system | suck in water and send it through tubes in the water and pushing water into structures called tube feet |
| how do echinoderms filter water into the water vascular system | madreporite |
| how do echinoderms eat | flip stomach out |
| what is the water vascular system in echinoderms mainly used for | movement and feeding |
| what are the 6 vertebrate organ systems | nervous, excretory, digestive, endocrine, circulatory, and respiratory |
| _________ alows for specialization of body regions | segmentation |
| with segmentation you also get the addition of _________ | appendages |
| why are segments advantageous? | segments of repeated regions that do the exact same thing - something goes wrong, have other segments that do the same thing |
| if you make minor changes to the segments and their appendages, you can develop a ________ ________ | novel function |
| segmentation helps with diversity of _________ | function |
| ______ ___________ genes differentiate segments in animals | Hox regulatory |
| genes involved with determining what gets turned on and off during development of an animal | regulatory genees |
| the reason we get segmentation is because the _____ _________ genes are repeated in a specific sequence in our genome | hox regulatory |
| the hox regulatory genes encode ________ __________ | transcription factors |
| body plans may undergo major changes. T or F | true |
| means doesn't move - compared to free swimming | sessile |
| massive overall change in body form - early larval stage looks completely different than adult | metamorphosis |
| cnidaria have 2 body forms, what are they | polyp and medusa |
| what is the sessile life cycle of cnidaria and what is the free swimming | sessile- polyp after mobile larvae implants into surface and free swimming - medusa |
| the medusa is made by ________ reproduction by budding from the polyp | asexual |
| cnidaria reproduce both ________ and ________ but are not in the life cycle of alternation of generations | sexually and asexually |
| _________ have many body plnas with common features | mollusks |
| what are the features about mollusks that are always consistent | mantle, shell, radula, and gills |
| structure that scrapes surface and used for feeding in mollusks | radula |
| secretes compound that makes a shell in mollusks | mantle |
| in bivlalves, what do they use for feeding instead of radula | gill |
| in gastropods, how is body plan organized | twisted around in shell |
| in cephalopods, they have a mantle that secretes a compound, but instead of a shell it makes a | pen ??? |
| different groups of cephalopods have complete _______ of their body | rearrangement |
| there are several _________ body plans | arthropod |
| earliest group of arthropods | trilobite |
| in arthropods, they have fused segments and that is called | tagma |
| generally what are the 3 different magma in arthropods | head, thorax, abdomen |
| arthropods have appendages with segmentation and their appendages are ________ | jointed |
| what is unique about crayfish tagmata | they have 2 - abdomen and cephalothorax - head and thorax fused |
| the ________ body plan supports large, active animals | vertebrate |
| the movement in vertebrates to having an anterior skull and brain | cephalization |
| vertebrate body plan has an ______ ______ supported by vertebrae and they also have what kind of circulatory systm | internal skeleton; closed; heart and other organs |
| feeding on dead organic material | detritovores |
| cnidarians have _____________ - how they sting | nematocysts |
| the nemotocyte is found within the _________ | cnidocyte |
| made up of barb, spines, and tube that stings | nematocyte |
| predators that shoot out that glue that traps predators and eat it alive | onychophora |
| ________ have a variety of structures that allow many feeding modes such as grazing (earthworm), filter feeding, blood feeding (leeches), and carnivores | annelids |
| most mollusks feed using the ___________ | radula |
| bivalves have no radula so they ______ _______ | filter feed with gill |
| cephalopods modified their radial to a _______ | beak |
| echinoderms feed what 3 ways | predators, filter feed, grazers |
| how are sea stars predators | pry open clam with tube feet, invert stomach take in meat |
| how do sea cucumbers filter feed | tube feet |
| how do sand dollars graze | use aristotles lantern to go on surface and scrape food off |
| what is the only haploid stage in animal life cycle | gametes |
| look at lecture 13 slide 15 with notes | |
| changes in ________ have altered animal life cycles | reproduction |
| how do asexual animals generate genetic diversity. (bdelloid rotifers) | pick it up from the environment |
| changes in reproduction have altered animal life cycles and have caused a transition in animals like tapeworms from ________ to ___________ | free-living to parasitic |
| how did tapeworms change in reproduction to go from free-living to parasitic | they reduced sensory organs and increased reproductive organs; overwhelms all systems in the body |
| _________ reproduction can result in very specific featrues | sexual |
| pockets of sperm in velvet worms | spermatophore |
| how do velvet worms sexually produce | male punches hole in body wall of female and stick in the spermatophores - penis head - cephalophallus |
| how do anglo fish sexually reproduc | female dumps pheromones into water and male starts to chew on body of female and female eats the male and carries around testicles so she can reproduce whenever |
| how do frogs sexually reproduce | sexual selection - males have specific sounds to attract females of the same species; females tuned to only same species of male; ensures successful sexual reproduction |
| groups that are diverse often have evolutionary innovations. what are 4 | feeding mechanisms, paired and jointed appendages, variety of body plans, and skeletons |
| _______ are secreted by the mantle and are protective | shells |
| evolution of _______ ________ resulted in an increase in biodiversity. first in velvet worms and tardigrades. | paired appendages |
| arthropods have paired and jointed ________ | appendages |
| appendages in segmented bodies are associated with different ________ | functions |
| arthropod appendages result in many different _________ modes. some mouth parts associated with limb formation | feeding |
| early vertebrates developed ________ appendages | paired |
| first paired appendages in early vertebrates | paired fins (not bony); lobe-finned fishes |
| early amphibians paired appendages had what | bony jointed limbs - formation of bones that can bear weight |
| _________ provided support for larger animals | skeletons |
| skeletons provide space for __________ attachment | muscle |
| outside skeleton | exoskeleton |
| inside skeleton | endoskeleton |
| what 3 groups of animals have a type of skeleton | arthropods, echinoderms, vertebrates |
| in vertebrates, bony structures in skeletons provides support for ______ and were used to develop __________ | gills; jaws |
| arthropods have rigid __________ (skeleton) | exoskeletons |
| arthropods exoskeleton is made up of _________ | chitin |
| one of the highest concentration of all organic compounds because its found in insects and they are really abundant | chitin |
| in arthropods, muscles attache directly to the __________ and use the support to generate force and movement | exoskeleton |
| what do arthropods have to do if they want to grow | molt - shed exoskeleton, grow, grow new exoskeleton. doesn't have protective outer coating but muscles are also not really attached; molting is risky. exo also helps provide from drying out |
| echinoderms have an endoskeleton. T or F | true |
| in echindoderms, ________ or __________ make up the internal endoskeleton | ossicles/ calcareous plates |
| in echinoderms, are spines apart of the endoskeleton | no - different tissue |
| chordates skeletons are derived from the __________ | notochord |
| what are 4 things that describe chordates | dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, notochord, pharyngeal slits |
| rigid and runs down whole body of chordate; rigid soft tissue | notochord |
| above notochord in chordates | dorsal hollow nerve cord |
| bone holds them open and necessary for development of fishes and other things - chordates | pharygneal slits |
| dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail, notochord, and pharyngeal slits are mostly ___________ | embryonic |
| ______, ________, and ______ _________ make up chordate skeletons | notochords, vertebrae, and other bones |
| bones that surround pharyngeal slits | gill arches |
| the vertebrate notochord is replaced by the _______ _________ | vertebral column |
| center of vertebrae | centrum = where notochord used to be |
| as vertebrates develop into adults, the dorsal hollow nerve cord develops into what | spinal column |
| __________ shapes and ______ are essential for vertebrate feeding | skull; jaws |
| in fishes, a big change was going from a support structure that kept gills open - ______ ______ - to something that opens and closes the mouth for feeding - _________ | gill arches; jaws |
| ______ have changed from hard rigid structures to ver diverse and functionally diverse - some use as them to hold eggs, others to eat | jaws |
| jaws initally arose from the changes in ____ _______ | gill arches |
| no holes in skull except for orbit | anapsid |
| 1 hole in skull + orbit hole | synapsid |
| 2 holes in skull + orbit hole | diapsid |
| if you have more holes in you skull, you have more _____ _______ and you can generate more _________ | muscle attachment; force |
| changes in skull and jaws gives us opportunity to feed on different stuff | |
| what are some difficulties animals faced to living on land (3) | getting/keeping water, gas exchange, gravity |
| terrestrial arthropods have _________ and ________ system | trachea; excretory |
| the exoskeleton in arthropods is supportive against _________ | gravity |
| direct openings to the outside of terrestrial arthropod bodies, wide hard tubes | spirachles |
| spiracles lead into tubes called _________ that branch into __________ | trachea; tracheoles |
| terrestrial arthropods surround organ systems with __________ and oxygen can directly contact organs | tracheoles |
| to avoid extensive water loss, terrestrial arthropods use _______ _________ | malphighian tubules |
| structures that remove nitrogenous waste in terrestrial arthropods | malpighian tubules |
| ______ ________ preserve water by using a complex system to manipulate nitrogen; surround the gut and extract nitrogenous waste as a solid material | malpighian tubules |
| ___________ are linked to water, but have lungs | amphibians |
| how are amphibians linked to water | spend part of life cycle in water |
| why do amphibians have to have moist skin | to do gas exchange; gas inside, CO2 diffuses out |
| the adult form of amphibians develop _______ and get rid of gills | lungs |
| with their lungs, amphibians have a _________ system that pumps blood to lungs and return oxygenated blood to heart then to the body; centralized heart that can move blood to where it needs to go | circulatory |
| look at changes in amphibians notes 58.1-58.3 | |
| what are the 2 features that allow amniotes (reptiles(birds too) and mammals) to excel on land | amniotic egg scales, feathers, hair |
| the development of the _______ ________ allies for amniotes to escape the need for water for reproduction | amniotic egg |
| multiple membranes, outside of membranes is a shell, allows embryo to develop in absence of water | amniotic egg |
| what do some of the multiple membranes of an amniotic egg function as for the embryo | protection, gas exchange, food |
| scales, feather, and hair in amniotes come from a protein called | keratin |
| scales and feathers help amniotes excel on land why | protect them from drying out |
| hair helps amniotes excel on land why | thermoregulatory |
| scales, feathers, and hair also are _________ characteristic that other individuals find attractive | sexual |
| what is cool about kangaroos and having babies | can raise 3 individuals at the same time and when conditions are really bad she can suspend one in utero and stop development until conditions are right again |
| an __________ is all biotic and abiotic factors interacting in an area | ecosystem |
| _________ and __________ influence how much biodiversity is in an ecosystem | energy and nutrients |
| interaction between ________ and ________ factors are key in deterring how much biodiversity an ecosystem can hold | abiotic; biotic |
| energy _______ and nutrients ________ through compartments | flows; cycles |
| when energy enters an organism, it is _________ and lost as ______ and _________ | reduced; heat; entropy |
| energy flows through ________. the source of energy is _______ | ecosystems; sun |
| difference between primary carnivore and secondary | primary - eat herbivores secondary - eat other carnivores |
| amount of energy taken from the sun that can be used - molecules made by primary producers that can be take by herbivores | net primary productivity |
| primary productivity quantifies _________ flux | nergy flux |
| primary productvity varies ____________ | geographically |
| NPP is highest in the ________ and declines in ______ ________ and is also low in ________ regions | tropics; high latitudes; arid regions |
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