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Psych Prologue/Ch. 1
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| empiricism | the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. |
| structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. |
| funtionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. |
| psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. |
| natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. |
| clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. |
| psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. |
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
| operational definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic funding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
| case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. |
| false consensus effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
| population | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
| correlation coefficient | a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
| scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists. |
| experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable) by the random assignment of participants. |
| Double-blind procedure |
Created by:
gunnerbird