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Speech midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| empowerment | the ability to speak with competence and confidence |
| declamation | the delivery of an already famous address |
| elocution | expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression and voice |
| encode- job of the speaker | translate ideas and images to verbal and nonverbal symbols |
| external noise | physical noise |
| internal noise | physiological or psychological roots |
| context | the environment or situation in which the speech occurs |
| specific purpose | a concise statement indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do when you finish your speech |
| central idea | one sentence summary of speech |
| invention | the ability to develop ideas that result in new approaches to old problems |
| anxiety stop time | allow yourself to be anxious for a few minutes and then be confident again |
| trait anxiety | how easily you get nervous or anxious |
| visualization | seeing yourself give a successful speech |
| active listening | listening that is focused and purposeful |
| hearing | involuntary process of perceiving sound |
| listening | conscious act of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and non verbal messages |
| selective perception | people pay attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others |
| monologue | try to impose what we think on other people |
| dialogic communication | the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect |
| listening distraction | anything that competes for attention we are trying to give to something else |
| script writing | focus on what we would say next, not the speaker |
| defensive listening | decide we won't like the speaker or that we know better |
| critical thinking | the ability to evaluate claims on the basis of well supported reasons, to look for flaws in arguments, and to resist claims that have no supporting evidence |
| responsibility | a moral obligation to behave correctly towards or in respect of a person or thing |
| communication ethics | our ethical responsibilities when seeking influence over other people |
| ethos | character |
| competence | the speaker's grasp of the subject matter |
| good moral character | the speaker's trustworthiness, honest presentation of the message, and lack of ulterior motives |
| goodwill | speaker's attitude of respect for the audience and concern for their common good |
| values | most enduring judgement or standards of what's good in life |
| public discourse | speech involving issues of importance to the larger community |
| invective | verbal attack |
| conversation stoppers | speech designed to discredit, demean, and belittle those with whom one disagrees |
| ethnocentrism | acts as though everyone shares their point of view |
| dignity | conduct that is respectful to self and others |
| integrity | the speaker's incorruptability |
| copyright | legal protection for original ideas |
| public domain | anyone may reproduce it |
| intellectual property | ownership of creative expression |
| fair use | limited use of copyrighted works without permission |
| audience analysis | the process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members |
| pandering | to identify with values that are not your own in order to win approval from an audience |
| attitudes | general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, and events |
| beliefs | the ways in which people perceive reality |
| identification | a common bond between speaker and audience |
| captive audience | required to hear speaker |
| voluntary audience | attend of their own free will |
| demographics | statistical characteristics of a given population |
| target audience | individuals within the broader audience whom you are most likely to influence |
| audience segmentation | dividing a general audience into smaller groups to identify target audiences |
| co-culture | a social community whose values and style of communicating may not mesh with your own |
| individualistic | needs of the individual come first |
| collectivist | group needs come before own |
| high uncertainty avoidance cultures | structure life more rigidly and formally for their members |
| low uncertainty avoidance cultures | more accepting of uncertainty in life and allow more variation in individual behavior |
| interview | face to face communication for the purpose of gathering information |
| questionnaire | a series of open and closed ended questions |
| closed ended questions | designed to elicit a small range of specific answers |
| fixed alternative questions | contain a limited number of choices |
| scale questions | measure respondent's level of agreement or disagreement |
| open ended questions | allow a respondent to elaborate on his or her opinion |
| brainstorming | method of spontaneously generating ideas |
| informative speech | increase the audience's awareness and understanding of a topic |
| persuasive speech | affect some degree of change in the audience's attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors |
| special occasion speeches | entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda |
| thesis statement | theme of the speech stated as a single declarative sentence |
| example | illustrate, describe, and represent the points |
| narratives | tell stories, either real or imaginary |
| testimony | firsthand finding, eye witness accounts, people's opinions |
| expert testimony | witness from professionals |
| lay testimony | witness by non-experts |
| facts | represent documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, people, and places |
| statistics | quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things |
| frequency | count of the number of times something occurs |
| average | describes info according to its typical characteristics |
| primary | first hand accounts or direct evidence |
| secondary | analysis or commentary about things not directly observed or created |
| oral citation | credits the source of speech material that is derived from other people's ideas |
| source reliability | our level of trust in a source's credentials |
| source qualifier | the source's qualifications to address the topic |
| arrangement | the process of devising a logical and convincing structure for your message |
| outline | determine how to order ideas and evidence into larger and smaller logical categories |
| outlining | provides a vivid snapshot of the speeches strengths and weaknesses |
| body | presents main points that are intended to fulfill the speech purpose |
| introduction | establishes the purpose of the speech |
| conclusion | ties the purpose and the main points together |
| main points | express the key ideas and major themes of the speech |
| primary and recency effect | audience remembers points made at beginning and end |
| supporting points | represent the supporting material or evidence you have collected |
| transitions | words, phrases, or sentences that tie speech ideas together |
| preview | briefly describes what will be covered in the body of the speech |
| internal preview | introduces listeners to the ensuing discussion |
| internal summary | draws together ideas before the speaker proceeds to another point |
| chronological pattern of arrangement | follows the natural sequential order of the main points |
| spatial pattern of arrangement | main points are arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other |
| causal pattern of arrangement | used for cause and effect speeches |
| problem-solution pattern of arrangement | organizes main points both to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and to provide justification for a proposed solution |
| topical pattern of arrangement | each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic |
| narrative pattern of arrangement | a story or series of short stories |
| outline | separate the main and supporting points into larger and smaller divisions and subdivisions |
| coordination | assigning points of equal significance to the same level of numbering |
| subordination | the arrangement of points in order of their significance to one another |
| working outline | organize main points and develop supporting points to substantiate them |
| speaking outline | contains ideas in a condensed form |
| anecdotes | brief stories of meaningful and entertaining incidents based on real life |
| rhetorical questions | questions that don't invite actual responses |
| preview statement | tells the audience what the main points will be and in what order |
| oral style | the use of language that is simpler, more repetitious, more rhythmic, and more interactive than written |
| jargon | specialized, insider language of a given profession |
| concrete language | specific, tangible, and definite |
| abstract language | general or nonspecific; open to interpretation |
| imagery | concrete language that brings into play the five senses |
| analogy | extended simile or metaphor that compares an unfamiliar concept or process to a familiar one |
| faulty analogy | misleading comparison suggesting that because two things are similar in some ways, they are necessarily similar in others |
| code switching | mixing casual language, dialects, 2nd language, or slang into speech |
| malapropism | inadvertent use of a word or a phrase in place of one that sounds like it |
| voice | the feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action |
| colloquial expressions | sayings specific to a certain region or group of people |
| anaphora | repeating words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences |
| epiphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences |
| hackneyed | poorly crafted alliteration |
| triad | three parallel elements |
| antithesis | setting off two ideas in balanced opposition to each other to create a powerful effect |
| effective delivery | controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness |
| elocutionary movement | speech making is regarded as a type of performance with many rules |
| volume | the relative loudness of a speaker's voice |
| intonation | the rising and falling of vocal pitch across phrases and sentences |
| speaking rate | the pace at which you convey speech |
| vocal fillers | vocalized pauses in a speech |
| pauses | enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a key thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said |
| vocal variety | combining volume, pitch, rate, and pauses |
| pronunciation | correct formation of word sounds |
| articulation | the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made |
| mumbling | slurring words together at a very low level of volume and pitch |
| lazy speech | combining words together like wanna |
| paralanguage | how something is said; volume, pitch, rate, variety, pronunciation, and articulation |
| body language | facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movement |
| nonverbal communication | combinations of paralanguage and body language |
| scanning | moving your gaze from one listener to another |
| talking head | speaker who remains steadily positioned in one place |
Created by:
wildcattz98