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Bio
Biotechnology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does selective breeding accomplish/why do we use it? | only allows organisms with desired traits to produce next generation so that only the desired traits are passed on |
| Define genetic engineering: | technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism (biologists make changes in DNA code) |
| Define genome: | total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism |
| Define restriction enzymes: | bacterial protein that cuts DNA into fragments, powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the DNA/genome |
| Define gel electrophoresis: | process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size |
| Define recombinant DNA: | newly generated DNA fragment containing exogenous DNA |
| Define plasmid: | any of the small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that can be used as a vector |
| Define DNA ligase: | enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together |
| Define transformation: | process in which bacterial cells take up recombinant plasmid DNA |
| Define cloning: | process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced |
| Define polymerase chain reaction: | genetic engineering technique that can make copies of specific regions of a DNA fragment |
| Define transgenic organism: | organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism(has genes from another species) |
| Define hybridization: | crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms (organisms are hybrids/ half of each parents chromosomes) |
| Define inbreeding: | continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics(closely related) in order to produce desired traits and eliminate undesired traits |
| What is the significance/outcome of inbreeding? | it insures that the unique characteristics of organism will be preserved+excessive inbreeding can cause serious genetic problems |
| What are the ways scientists make changes to DNA? | (1)extract DNA from cells (2)cut DNA into smaller pieces (3)identify the sequence of bases in a DNA model (4) make unlimited copies of DNA |
| How is DNA extracted? | cells are opened and DNA is separated from the other parts of the cell |
| Why and how do scientists cut DNA into smaller fragments? | too big to analyze, use restriction enzymes |
| How do scientists separate the DNA fragments/identify base sequence in DNA ? | gel electrophoresis> fragments placed in one end+electric voltage applied moving DNA across gel creating a DNA fingerprint |
| How do scientists make copies of DNA? | polymerase chain reaction , small amounts of DNA can be multiplied to make analyzing easier, possible cause of enzyme found in bacteria from hot springs in Yellow Stone |
| What happens during cell transformation? | cell takes in DNA from outside cell and the external DNA becomes part of the cell's DNA |
| How does cell transformation work? | foreign DNA joins DNA molecule plasmid which is found in some bacteria,plasmid has genetic marker that tells whether or not that bacteria carry plasmid, if successful foreign DNA integrated into chromosome of cell |
| Why are transgenic microorganism/bacteria important? | produce important substances useful for health and industry |
| What are some things transgenic bacteria has been used to produce? | (1)insulin (2)growth hormone (3)clotting factor |
| What are transgenic animals used for? Give an example: | study genes and improve food supply, mice given human genes so that their immune systems act similar |
| What are scientists trying to prove about transgenic chickens | they will be resistant to the bacterial infection that can cause food poisoning |
| Why are transgenic plants important? | food supply |
| What do most transgenic plants have that regular plants do not? | genes that produce a natural insecticide so plants dont have to be sprayed with pesticide |
| What are some examples of transgenic plants? | corn, soybeans,cotton,canola(herbicide and insecticide resistant), rice(increased iron and vitamins) |
| Define clone: | member of population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell |
| When was a sheep cloned, who cloned it, and what is the sheep's name? | 1997, Ian Wilmut, Dolly |
| How was Dolly the sheep cloned? | donor cell from sheep trying to clone was fused using electric shock with a female sheep's egg cell (egg cell's nucleus was removed from cell and replaced with donor cell's nucleus) embryo develops creating identical sheep |
| What is the point of cloning? | believe to enable us to make copies of transgenic animals and save endangered species |
| What are some things cloned animals may suffer from? | genetic defects and some health problems |
| What is genomics? | study of an organism's genome |
| What percent of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all proteins in the body? | less than two percent |
| define non coding sequences: | long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function and are unique to each person |
| How have people identified genes? | scanning the sequence for open reading frames |
| What is an open reading frame? | contains at least 100 codons beginning with start codon and ending with a stop codon |
| What are genes compared to proteins? | genes are the information storage units while proteins are the machines of the cell |
| What is proteomics? | large scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body |
| What is bioinformatics? | creating and maintaining databases of biological information |
| What are single nucleotide polymorphisms(or SNPs) | variations in DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered |
| What are haplotypes? | regions of linked variations in the human genome |
| How do you assemble a hap map? | involves identifying groups of SNPs in a specific region of DNA |
| What is pharmacogenomics? | study of how genetic inheritance affects the body's responses to drugs |
| What are the benefits of pharmacogenomics? | more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer and more specific |
| What is gene therapy? | a technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases |
| How does gene therapy work? | insert normal gene into chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene |
| define test cross: | breeding that can be used to determine an organisms genotype |
| What is a disadvantage to hybridization? | time consuming + expensive |
| What can occur during inbreeding that is not a positive? | harmful recessive traits can be passed on to future generations, inbreeding increases chance of homozygous recessive offspring, if both parents carry recessive allele harmful trait wont be eliminated |
| How is a test cross completed? | breed organism with unknown genotype with another organism with homozygous recessive genotype(if unknown has dominant trait then recessive trait wont show) |
| How do polygenic traits affect selective breeding? | polygenic trait means that the phenotype is influenced by more than one gene and has continuous distribution/variation, this means you cant do selective breeding because there isn't one gene coding for the one specific trait you want |
| Should a cow and bull who both carry the recessive allele for mutation for decreased milk production be bred? | no, because due to inbreeding having a more likely chance for harmful recessive traits to be passed on, two organisms with the same harmful recessive allele would most definitely pass it down which you wouldn't want |
| Why are there no pure bred animals in the wild? | because pure breds have to have two pure breds as parents which happens because mating is controlled through selective breedin which does not occur in the wild |
| What does bacteria use restriction enzymes for naturally/when we aren't using it to cut DNA? | used as a defense to cut up invading nucleotides/ foreign DNA from viruses |
| what is another name for a restriction enzyme? | endonuclease |
| what restriction enzyme cuts at the sequence GAATTC and creates sticky ends? | EcoRI |
| What are sticky ends? | ends of DNA cut by SOME enzymes where a few nucleotides are left unpaired(which means one strand goes farther than the other) allows DNA to be joined with any other DNA with sticky ends |
| What are blunt ends? | ends created by enzymes that don't create sticky ends, enzymes cuts straight across both strands, can only join to other DNA with blunt ends |
| What are some examples of transgenic animals? | mice,fruit flies(test genes and diseases), goats(protein to prevent blood form clotting during surgeries) some fishes(grow faster) |
| What else is transgenic bacteria helpful with besides producing helpful substances for human health? | (1)slow formation of ice crystals on crops to protect them from frost damage (2) clean up oil spills (3)decompose grabage |
| define DNA fingerprinting: | separating an individual’s unique sequence of DNA fragments to observe distinct banding patterns; can be used by forensic scientists to identify suspects and determine paternity |
| define DNA microarray: | silicon chips or microscope slides with DNA fragments that can allow many genes in a genome to be studied simultaneously |
| What do DNA microarrays help with? | allow us to know whether the expression of certain genes are caused by genetic factors or environmental factors |
| what was the human genome project trying to specifically find? | nucleotide sequences |
Created by:
sbookworm5311