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Sociology Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Deviance | The recognized violation of cultural norms. -Whether actions are viewed as "right" or "wrong", all deviant attitudes have an aspect that allows us to see people as "outsiders." -Especially righteous people may be branded as deviants. -Some people are defi |
| Social Control | Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior. -Can occur informally and formally: -Formal: Serious deviance is addressed by the criminal justice system. -Informal: Scolding or judgment of deviant behavior via peers, parents, teachers, |
| Criminal Justice System | The organizations-police, courts, and prison officals- that respond to alleged violations of the law. |
| Durkheim's basic insight | Deviance is a necessary element of social organization. Durkheim believed there was nothing abnormal about deviance. |
| Durkheim 1 | Deviance affirms cultural values and norms. |
| Durkheim 2 | |
| Durkheim 3 | Responding to deviance brings people together. |
| Durkheim 4 | Deviance encourages social change. |
| Strain Theory (Robert Merton) | Conformity lies in pursuing conventional goals through approved means. (Structural-Functional) |
| Labeling Theory (Symbolic-Interaction) | The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions. |
| Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland) | All deviance is learned in groups who either encourage or reject conventional behavior. (peer pressure) |
| Control Theory (4 Types) (Hirschi) | Social control depends on imagining the consequences of one's behavior. - Attachment - Opportunity - Involvement - Belief |
| Plea Bargaining | -Legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea. -Widespread because it spares the system the time and expense of trials. -Undercuts both the adversarial process and the rights of defendants. |
| Conformity (Robert Merton Strain Theory) | Obtaining culturally accepted merit through culturally accepted means. |
| Ritualism (Robert Merton Strain Theory) | Rejecting culturally accepted goals through acceptable, conventional means. |
| Innovation (Robert Merton Strain Theory) | Obtaining culturally accepted merit through unconventional means. |
| Retreatism (Robert Merton Strain Theory) | Rejecting culturally accepted merit and conventional means. |
| Rebellion (Robert Merton Strain Theory) | Seeking new goals through new means. |
| Control Theory (Attachment) | Strong social and emotional attachments encourage conformity. The stronger the individual's attachment to parents, teachers, friends, schools, or other institutions, the less the risk of engaging in deviance. |
| Control Theory (Commitment) | The greater a person's stake in conformity, the lower the risk in deviance. In other words, access to legitimate opportunity encourages conformity and discourages deviance. By contrast, someone with little confidence in future success is more likely to dr |
| Control Theory (Involvement) | Extensive involvement in legitimate activities- such as holding a job, going to school, or playing sports- inhibits deviance. By contrast, people with little to do who spend time "hanging out" waiting for something happen have time and energy to engage in |
| Control Theory (Belief) | Strong beliefs in conventional morality and respect for authority figures encourages conformity and restrains tendencies toward deviance. By contrast, people with a weak conscience (especially when they are left unsupervised) are more open to temptation. |
| White-Collar Crime | Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations. |
| Corporate Crime | The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting in its behalf. |
| Organized Crime | A business supplying illegal goods and services. |
| Hate Crime | A criminal act against a person or person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias. |
| Crime | The violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality, a state, or the federal government. All crimes are composed of two elements: the act itself and criminal intent. |
| Mens rea | Legal terminology: "guilty mind" |
| Crimes Against The Person | (Violent crimes) that direct violence or the threat of violence against others. |
| Crimes Against Property | (property crimes) crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others. |
| Victimless Crimes (NOT INCLUDED IN MAJOR CRIME INDEXES) | Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims. -Illegal drug use, prostitution, gambling, etc. -Might be better to classify people who commit such crimes as offenders and victims. |
| Retribution | An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime. |
| Deterrence | The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment. Based on the 18th century idea that as calculating and rational creatures, humans will not break the law if they think the pain of the punishment will outweigh the pleasure of the crime. |
| Rehabilitation | A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses. The key is controlling the environment. |
| Societal Protection | Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution. |
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