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anatomy
chapter 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neural structures other than the brain and spinal cord are all part of the ____. | PNS |
| most receptors in the PNS are ____ receptors; that is, they are not a part of a specific body structure dedicated to receiving information from the environment | simple |
| receptors in body structures dedicated to receiving information from the environment, such as the eyes and ears, are____ receptors and the structures themselves are called the ____ organs. | complex; special sense |
| ___ respond to pressure, itch, touch, vibration, and stretch | mechanoreceptors |
| ___ are sensitive to changes in temperature | thermoreceptors |
| ____ respond to light energy, in humans, these are found in the retina | photoreceptors |
| ____ respond to chemicals, and are used in our senses of smell and taste and to detect changes in blood chemistry | chemoreceptors |
| ____ are receptors that are dedicated to sensing pain | nociceptors |
| receptors near the body' s surface which respond to changes in the external environment are called ____ | exteroceptors |
| ___ are receptors in internal viscera and blood vessels which sense chemical changes, temperature, and other factors necessary to maintain homeostasis | interoceptors |
| ____ are receptors which are found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments,etc. which allow us to sense the position of the body | proprioceptors |
| free nerve endings are responsible for detecting ____, _____, _____, ______, and ______ | pain, temperature, itch, joint movement, proprioception |
| merkel disks respond to ____ | light pressure |
| hair follicle receptors are responsible for detecting ___ | light touch |
| meissner's corpuscles are responsible for detecting ____ | light pressure, texture |
| pacinian corpuscles are responsible for detecting _____ | deep pressure |
| ruffini's corpuscles are responsible for detecting ____ | deep pressure or stretch |
| muscle spindles are responsible for detecting _____ | muscle stretch |
| golgi tendon organs are responsible for detecting _____ | tendon stretch |
| ____ is the awareness of changes in the internal or external environment while ____ is their interpretation. both of these occur only in the ____. | sensation; perception; CNS |
| in order for an event to be sensed, an appropriate receptor must convert the stimulus to a ___ | electric signal |
| ____ are the neurons that are the first to generate an action potential in response to an event | first order neurons |
| the soma of the first order neurons reside in the ___ or ____ ganglia | dorsal root; cranial |
| the ___ are the interneurons in the CNS which receive the signal from the first order neurons. their cell bodies are found in the ___ of the spinal cord or in the ____, and convey their signals within the spinal cord, or to the thalamus or cerebellum | second order neurons; dorsal horn; medullary nuclei |
| some sensory signals are received by third order neurons in the ____ and are passed on to the cerebrum for perception. others are never perceived, but are instead only sensed and acted on at the subconscious level | thalamus |
| perception occurs in the ____ | cerebral cortex |
| a _____ potential is a membrane potential that is caused by an event in the environment and which reaches the threshold level needed to generate an action potential | generator |
| a generator potential is a ___ potential and so depends on the strength of the stimulus | graded |
| in receptors that are capable of adaptation, and unchanging stimulus leads to a _____ response | decreasing and eventually absent |
| afferent ganglia are found in the ____ adjacent to the ____ | dorsal root ganglia; spinal cord |
| efferent ganglia are primarily ____ motor neurons whose distribution is ____ | autonomic; complex |
| ___ are cordlike organs in the PNS consisting of peripheral axons, blood vessels, and connective tissue | nerves |
| the ___ is the connective tissue surrounding individual axons within a nerve | endoneurium |
| the ___ is the connective tissue surrounding a fascicle of axons in a nerve | perineurium |
| the ____ is the connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve | epineurium |
| after the axon of a peripheral neuron is damaged, the ___ end deteriorates | distal |
| after the axon of a peripheral neuron is damaged, ___ cells detach from the myelin sheath and divide to guide new axonal growth | shwann |
| signals carrying information regarding odors are carried to the brain via cranial nerve # ___, the ___ nerve | 1; olfactory |
| visual signals are carried to the brain via cranial nerve # ___, the ___ nerve | 2; optic |
| cranial nerve # ____, the ____ nerve, is primarily a motor nerve: it controls the eyelid, four of the six extrinsic muscles which move the eye, and also resizes the iris and focuses the lens | 3; oculomotor |
| cranial nerve # ___, the ___ nerve, innervates only one of the six muscles which move the eye, the superior oblique muscle | 4; trochlear |
| cranial nerve #____, the ____ nerve, controls several of the muscles needed for speech, chewing, and swallowing, as well as carrying sensory information from the face, scalp, and mandibles | 5; trigeminal |
| cranial nerve # ____, the ____ nerve, innervates the muscles of the eye which abduct the eyeballs | 6; abducens |
| sensations of taste and the ability to control facial expression are provided by cranial nerve #____, the ___ nerve. it also helps with swallowing and controls the tear glands and two sets of salivary glands | 7; facial |
| cranial nerve # ____, the _____ nerve, carries sensations needed for hearing and maintaining balance | 8; vestibulocochlear |
| cranial nerve #___, the ____ nerve, is involved in taste and carries sensory signals from the tongue, middle ear, and pahrynx. | 9; glossopharyngeal |
| cranial nerve #___, the ___ nerve, is the only cranial nerve to extend below the neck. it innervates the throat and mouth as well as thoracic and abdominal organs | 10; vagus |
| cranial nerve #____, the ____ nerve, is the only cranial nerve to include a spinal root. it innervates the larynx, pharynx, and several muscles of the neck | 11; accessory |
| cranial nerve # ____, the ____ nerve, allows tongue movement during eating and speaking | 12; hypoglossal |
| ___ are small bundles of axons emerging from or entering the spinal cord | rootlets |
| as the distance from the spinal cord increases, rootlets merge to form ___ | roots |
| ____ are roots that are formed from the axons of neurons whose cell bodies are in the anterior horn of the spinal cord | ventral roots |
| the dorsal roots are formed from the axons of neurons whose cell bodies are in the ___ | dorsal root ganglia |
| dorsal roots contain ___ fibers | sensory |
| spinal nerves leave the spinal column through ____ | intervertebral foramen |
| the ventral and dorsal roots merge to form the ___ as they exit the vertebral column | spinal nerves |
| soon after exiting the vertebral column, each spinal nerve divides into four branches, the ____, ____, ____, and ____ | dorsal ramus; ventral ramus; meningeal branch; rami communications |
| the rami communications are found only in the _____ because they are a part of the _____ | thoracic region; ANS |
| a ____ is a complex network of interacting and cross connected nerves | plexus |
| each nerve leaving a plexus is a combination of axons from several _____ | spinal nerves |
| plexuses consist of axons from the _____ rami of spinal nerves | ventral |
| all ventral rami except those from ____ intertwine in plexus | T2- T12 |
| ____ innervate the thorax, controlling muscles to the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall | ventral rami from T1 to T12 |
| because of the complex intertwining of the motor nerves in plexuses, damage to the spinal nerves can be difficult to diagnose based on motor deficits, and must instead be diagnosed based on ____ | sensory deficits |
| a dermatome is a ____ | area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve |
| the ____ innervates the skin of the neck, ear, back of the head, shoulders, and diaphragm, and is formed from the ventral rami of ____ | cervical plexus; C1 to C4 |
| the most important nerve of the cervical plexus is the ____ which innervates the diaphragm and controls ____ | phrenic; breathing |
| the ___ plexus innervates the upper limb, and is formed from the ventral rami of ____ | brachial; C5 to T1 |
| the five ventral rami that form the ____ of the brachial plexus merge to form three ____, which then quickly branch into six ___. these then recombine to form three ____. finally, these branch again to form the five nerves of the upper limb | roots; trunks; divisions; cords |
| the ____ nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the deltoid and teres minor | axillary |
| the ____ nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis and coracobrachalis | musculocutaneous |
| the _____ nerve of the brachial plexus innervates most of the flexor muscles of the forearm and the lateral portions of the hand | median |
| the ___ nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus and the medial portions of the hand | ulnar |
| the ___ nerve of the brachial plexus innervates parts of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii as well as nearly all of the extensor muscles of the forearm | radial |
| the ___ plexus innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscles, which is formed from the ventral rami of ____ | lumbar; L1 to L4 |
| thigh flexion, thigh abduction and knee extension are mediated by the ____ and ____ two major nerves of the lumbar plexus | femoral nerve; obturator nerve |
| the ____ plexus innervates the foot and leg, and is formed from the ventral rami of ____ | sacral; L4 to S4 |
| the _____ is the major nerve of the sacral plexus and is the longest and thickest nerve of the body. it is actually a single name for two separate nerves, the tibial nerve and the fibular or peroneal nerve | sciatic nerve |
| the____ nerve innervates the foot and leg | sciatic |
| a ____ is a rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus | reflex |
| if its effector is a skeletal muscle, a reflex is a ____ reflex | somatic |
| if its effector is a smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland, a reflex is a ____ reflex | autonomic |
| _____ reflexes cause contraction of a stretched muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle. the most famous example is the patellar reflex, in which the muscles of the quadriceps are stretched by tapping the patellar tendon | stretch |
| pulling a bodypart away from a painful stimulus is a ____ reflex | flexor or withdrawl |
| the ___ reflex leads to activation of flexors on one side of the body and extensors on the opposite side | cross extensor |
| with age, the number of general sensory receptors such as meissner's corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles _____ | decreases |
| the _____ reflex prevents an overly powerful muscle contraction from tearing a tendon by inhibiting the contraction of the muscle | golgi tendon |
Created by:
alishasteward