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sociology
quiz Ch. 3 & 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| shared way of life | culture |
| a political entity, a designated territory with designated borders | nation |
| the organized interaction of people who typically live in a nation or some other specific territory | society |
| AS societies change, what number of things increases and changes? | technology, population, production, specialization, social institutions |
| There has also been a number of social revolutions that have occurred causing societies to change | Domestication Revolution, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Information Revolution, Biotech Revolution |
| societies that primarily use the land as a means of survival | preindustrial societies |
| societies existing after industrialism | industrial societies |
| making use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food | hunting and gathering |
| Societies in (10,000-12,000 years ago ~ 5,000 years ago) | Horticultural and Pastoral Societies |
| the use of hand tools to raise crops | Horticulture |
| the domestication of animals | Pastoralism |
| a society based on pasturing of animals | Pastoral Societies |
| herding | Pastoral |
| a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools | Horticultural Societies |
| gardening | Horticultural |
| the first social revolution; based on the domestication of plants and animals which led to pastoral and horticultural society | The Domestication Revolution |
| more sources are being produced than are needed to feed the population | Agricultural and Material surplus |
| the technology of large scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources | Agriculture |
| the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies | Agricultural Revolution |
| a society based on large-scale agriculture | Agricultural Society |
| Feudalism | Lords, Vassals, and Fiefs |
| social stratification based on ascription, or birth | Caste System |
| the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery | Industrialism |
| the third social revolution occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power | Industrial Revolution |
| a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels | Industrial Society |
| an economic system and political system based on private ownership of the means of production, pursuit of profits by private owners through the creation of goods and services, and a system of salary and wage labor for the majority of workers | capitalism |
| In this kind of society people dress the same and everyone does much of the same work. They are held together by strong moral beliefs | Traditional societies |
| illustrated by urban areas in this country, held together by a system of production in which people perform specialized work and rely on one another for all the things they cannot do for themselves. | Modern societies |
| the production of information using computer technology | Postindustrialism |
| a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing | Postindustrial society |
| a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry | Deindustrialization |
| the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and mutual sharing, and other aspects of culture | Globalization |
| a society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and materials | Biotech Society |
| everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology | Material Culture |
| values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms | Nonmaterial Culture |
| anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture | symbols |
| a system of symbols that allow people to communicate with one another | language |
| the language we speak directly influences and reflects the way we think about and experience the world | Sapir-Whorf thesis |
| the process by which one generation passes culture to the next | Cultural Transmission |
| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another | Gestures |
| a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect | Ideology |
| moral beliefs | values |
| specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true | beliefs |
| Lower-income nations have cultures that value _____. | survival |
| Higher-income countries have cultures that value ____ and _____. | individualism and self-expression |
| how values tell us to behave | norms |
| a reward or a positive reaction following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward | Positive Sanction |
| an expression of disapproval breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence. | Negative Sanction |
| negative judgement we make of ourselves | guilt |
| the painful sense that other disapprove ourselves | shame |
| the violation of norms | deviance |
| norms that are widely observed and have more moral significance | mores |
| a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if violated | Taboo |
| norms for routine, casual interaction | folkways |
| cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite | high culture |
| cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population | popular culture |
| cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society | counterculture |
| two of the characteristics that mark subcultures? | Specialized values and interest |
| a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions | Multiculturalism |
| the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns | Eurocentrism |
| the belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others, and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own | Ethnocentrism |
| personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life | culture shock |
| taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value | cultural relativism |
Created by:
ana278