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AP Bio Chapter 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. |
| Biotechnology | The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products. |
| Genetic Engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |
| Plasmids | A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, used as vectors carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs of DNA. They are also found in some eukaryotes, yeast. |
| Gene Cloning | The production of multiple copies of a gene. |
| Restriction Enzymes | An endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium. The enzyme cuts at specific sequences. |
| Restriction Site | A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme. |
| Restriction Fragments | A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme. |
| Sticky End | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment. |
| DNA Ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain). |
| Cloning Vector | A DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. Cloning vectors include plasmids (BACs), which move recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection. |
| Genomic Library | A set of cell clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each within a plasmid, BAC, or other cloning vector. |
| Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) | A large plasmid that acts as a bacterial chromosome and can carry inserts of 100,000 to 300,000 base pairs. |
| Complementary DNA (cDNA) | A double-stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase. A cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene. |
| cDNA Library | A gene library containing clones that carry complementary DNA (cDNA) inserts. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells whose mRNA was isolated to make the cDNA. |
| Nucleic Acid Hybridization | The process of base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. |
| Nucleic Acid Probe | A labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; labeling of the probe allows location detection. |
| Expression Vector | A cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell. They can be GM'ed for use in specific types of eukaryotes |
| Electroporation | A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer. |
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) | A single nucleotide polymorphism that exists in the restriction site for a particular enzyme, thus making the site unrecognizable by that enzyme and changing the lengths of the restriction fragments formed by digestion with that enzyme.coding or noncoding |
| Southern Blotting | A technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in samples of DNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of DNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe. |
| Northern Blotting | A technique that enables specific nucleotide sequences to be detected in samples of mRNA. It involves gel electrophoresis of RNA molecules and their transfer to a membrane (blotting), followed by nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe. |
| Reverse Transcriptive-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) | A technique for determining expression of a particular gene. It uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest. |
| In Sito Hybridization | A technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism. |
| DNA Microarray Assays | A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samplesoflabeledcDNA |
| In Vitro Mutagenesis | A technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene's sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, studying the phenotype of the mutant. |
| RNA Interference (RNAi) | A technique used to silence the expression of selected genes. RNAi uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA. |
| Genome-Wide Association Studies | A large-scale analysis of the genomes of many people having a certain phenotype or disease, with the aim of finding genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease. |
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) | A single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population. |
| Totipotent | Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them. |
| Stem Cell | Any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation. |
| Pluripotent | Describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism. |
| Gene Therapy | The introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes. |
| Transgenic | Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species. |
| Genetic Profile | An individual's unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes. |
| Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) | Simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides. Variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles. |
| Ti Plasmid | A plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA (T DNA) into a chromosome of a host plant. The Ti plasmid is frequently used as a vector for genetic engineering in plants. |
| Genetically Modified (GM) Organisms | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism. |
Created by:
gabby.linn