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psychology
Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Obesity | body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height. |
| Lateralization | The process in which certain cognitive functiions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other. |
| Myelin | Protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons |
| Handedness | The preference of using one hand over another. |
| Preoperational stage | according to Piaget, the stage from approxiamately age 2 to age 7 in which childre's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases. |
| Operations | Organized, formal, logical mental processes. |
| centration | The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulu8s and ignoring other aspects. |
| conservation | The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physcial appearance of objects. |
| Transformation | The process in which one state is changed into another. |
| egocentric thought | Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others. |
| Intuitive thought | thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world. |
| Autobiographical memory | memory of particular events from one's own life. |
| Scripts | broad representation in memory of events and the order in which they occur. |
| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) | according to vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independaently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent. |
| Scaffolding | The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth. |
| Syntax | The way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences. |
| Fast Mapping | Instance in which new words are associatd with their meanings after only a brief encounter. |
| grammar | The system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed. |
| Private speech | speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves. |
| Pragmatics | the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others. |
| social speech | speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person. |
| Developmentally appropriate educational practice | education that is based on both typical development and the unique charateristics of a given child. |
| psychosocial Development | according to Erikson, development that emcompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others's behavior. |
| initiative-versus-guilt stage | according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action. |
| Self-concept | a perosn's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual. |
| collectivistic | a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence. |
| Individualistic orientation | a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. |
| race dissonance | The phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people. |
| Identification | the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parents attitudes and values. |
| Gender Identity | the perception of oneself as male or female. |
| gender schema | a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender. |
| gender constancy | the beleif that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors. |
| androgynous | a state in which gender roles encompass charateristics thought typical of both sexes. |
| functional play | play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds |
| constructive play | play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something. |
| parallel play | action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other |
| onlooker play | action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actualy participate themselves. |
| associative play | play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing. |
| cooperative play | play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests. |
| authoritarian parents | parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. |
| Permissive Parents | parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children. |
| authoritative parents | parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way. |
| Uninvolved parents | parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior. |
| cycle of violence hypothesis | the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children. |
| psychological maltreatment | abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning. |
| resilience | the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physcial damage. |
| moral development | the changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right or wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues. |
| Prosocial behavior | helping behavior that benefits others. |
| abstract modeling | the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and pricipals. |
| empathy | the understanding of what another individual feels. |
| aggression | intentional injury or harm to another person. |
| emotional self-regulation | the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity. |
| instrumental aggresion | aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal. |
| relational aggression | nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person's psychological well-being |
| industry-versus-inferiority stage | the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world. |
| social comparison | the desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others. |
| self-esteem | an indiidual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation. |
| status | the evaluation of a role or perosn by other relevant members of a group. |
| social competence | The collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings. |
| social problem-solving | The use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others. |
| Dominance hierarchy | rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group. |
| coregulation | a period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior. |
| self-care children | children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work; previously known as latchkey children. |
| blended families | a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them. |
| attributions | people's explanantions for the reasons behind their behavior. |
| teacher expectancy effect | the cycle of behavior in which a teacher transmits an expectation about a child and therby actually brings about the expected behavior. |
| emotional intelligence | the set of skills that underlies the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions. |
| adolescence | the developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood. |
| puberty | the period during which the sexual organs mature. |
| menarche | the onset of menstruation |
| secular trend | a pattern of change occurring over several generations. |
| Primary sex characteristics | characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structure of the body that directly relate to reproduction. |
| secondary sex characteristics | the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs. |
| anorexia nervosa | a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become a skeletal are out of the ordinary. |
| bulimia | an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. |
| Formal operational stage | the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly. |
| Information processing perspective | the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information. |
| metacognition | the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes, and their ability to monitor their cognition. |
| addictive drugs | drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them. |
| Sexually transmitted infection (STI) | an infection that is spread though sexual contact. |
Created by:
CHARLIA