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ARKY345 Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| impact of mesoamerican civilizations in modern north america | -foodstuffs and gastronomy -language (use of particular words) -a more traditional approach to public and private space -music and art -immigration flows -insititutionalized trade (NAFTA) |
| true or false: mesoamericans are only post Hispanic people | false: they are both pre Hispanic and post Hispanic |
| mesoamerican indians? what lies in the term? | -controversial term debated in mesoamerican studies -incorrectly applied to the native peoples of mesoamerica and elsewhere in the new world -usage persisted in colonial times and even after independence |
| some alternative terms to indian | aborigine, indigene, natural, native, native american |
| mesoamericans accept they were invaded by ______ and defeated in wars, but were never conquered by them or anyone else | Spaniards |
| what did spaniards see when they first came to mesoamerica | -spaniards: impressed with the level of cultural development achieved by mesoamerican peoples -columbus met maya long distance traders-sailors when reaching Española (Haiti and DR). He was surprised by their cultural refinement |
| in _________, _________, and _________ Spaniards were surprised to find cosmopolitan and highly politiziced peoples. These kingdoms were populated by over 100,000 subjects each and territories were defended with high walls, and fortifications | Tlaxcala, Cholula, and Huejotzingo |
| How do we know about the mesoamerican world? | -16th Century ethnographic reports help understand customs, social organization, economy and arts of the mesoamerican world -contributions by colonial Spanish scholars: Bernardino de Sahagun, Hernan Cortes, Bartolomé de las Casas, Nebrija and many others |
| alexander von humboldt | -Travelled throughout the Americas during the 19th century, making observations on geological and physical phenomena -in mexico: studied archeological remains and native codices -his objective methods of studying ancient Mesoamerica inspired subsequent |
| John Lloyd Stephens | -travelled throughout Southern Mexico and Central America between 1839-1841 -he and Frederick Catherwood made systematic observations, drawings, maps of the most important archeological sites, religious symbols, calendrics, hieroglyphic writing -he erro |
| culture historians accepted... | mesoamerican cultureswere credited in their development and achievements and its origin should be found in the region they occupied |
| culture historians: Kirchoff | -mesoamerica was viewed as a unified geographic where diverse people shared customs and traits -culture areas were thought to have common historical traditions -Kirchoff(1943) provided the best known application of the culture historical approach to the |
| Kirchoff mesoamerican traits | -lake gardens, use of cacao, bark paper, obsidian edge swords, stepped pyramids, writing, solar calenders, ritualized human sacrificed, long distance trade |
| ________ culture provided the Culture Historians with a key to the origin of Mesoamerican civilization | Olmec |
| connections between Olmecs and other cultures: e.g. rain deities of Mesoamerica may come from the _____________ | Olmec jaguar deity |
| What is mesoamerica for culture historians? | -culture as primarily consisting of values and ideas, so they find essential features rather than the material determinant of Mesoamerican cultures -this approach has been criticized as idealist -study of contemporary indian communities was done in iso |
| Julian Steward's developmental stages | 1. hunting gathering: simple food gathering technology gives rise to bands of hunter gatherers 2. incipient agriculture: domestication of plants lays the foundation for settled village life 3. regional florescence: complex irrigation works promote popul |
| how do we approach the study of mesoamerica today? | -mesoamerican cultures in both pre-Hispanic and contemporary manifestations are conceptual systems that cannot be explained as responses to underlying material or political conditions -as sets of integrated symbols and meanings, Mesoamerican cultures hav |
| cold lands & highlands | tierra fría zone 2000 to 2800m elevation |
| temperate lands & highlands | tierra templada zone 1000 to 2000m elevation |
| hot lands & lowlands | tierra caliente zone 0 to 1000m elevation |
| highlands locations | -central plateau of Mexico, mountainous areas of Oaxaca, inermontaine basins of Chiapas and Guatemala |
| highland fertility results from... | volcanic action and sedimentation of extinct lakes |
| highlands crops | maize, beans, squash, amaranth, maguey, employing intensive agricultural technology (terracing, irrigation, short term fallowing) |
| highland populations concentrate in the _______ and ________, and tend to create cities | valleys basins |
| highland resources | gold, silver, copper, obsidian, jadeite, serpentine stones, amber, volcanic stone for grinding tools |
| lowland populations are mainly concentrated... | along the eastern(Gulf coast and Caribbean) and western (Pacific) coasts |
| Yucatán Peninsula soil | limestone soil relatively thin and infertile |
| western lowlands tend to be more fertile because of... | volcanic deposition(piedmont areas, and alluvial soils) |
| lowlands provide exotic items such as... | feathers from tropical birds, hardwoods, rubber, incense, dyes, paper, medicine from trees, dye plants (indigo, annato, genipap), tobacco |
| cacao thrives in ______ | humid lowlands |
| maize thrives in ______ | arid lowlands and humid lowlands, and highlands |
| cotton thrives in ______ | arid lowland |
| northern highlands river systems | bravo, lerma, balsas, panuco, grijalva, hondo |
| northern highlands vegetation | evergreen and deciduous oak forest (pine, oaks, junipers), grasses, scrub oak, cactus, acacia, pirul |
| southern part of the northern highlands | cloud forest vegetation, acacia, and cacti |
| northern highlands fauna | neotropical fauna invaded the northern highlands: peccary, tapir, spider, monkey, jaguar, anteater, armadillo. North american mammals: white-tale deer, rabbits, squirrels, cougars, pumas. Migratory birds (ducks, geese, teals), amphibians (frogs, salamande |
| southern highlands vegetation | oaks and pines |
| southern highlands fauna | north american animals are less common and neotropical animals are more common; bright feathered birds found exclusively in this area(quetzal) |
| gulf coast lowlands vegetation | dense evergreen forest, broken by savanna grasslands coastal plains are cut by rivers flowing from the adjacent highlands, forming deltas and levees, as the rivers slow down on their course to the GofM and Caribbean sea |
| gulf coast lowlands fauna | neotropical animals, mammals and marsupials arboreal. Bright feathered birds, game birds, migratory waterfowl, snakes, reptiles, turtles, fish and manatee |
| pacific coastline has many _______, the most extensive in _______ | tidal swamp zones; El Salvador, Guatemala, Soconusco |
| pacific coast lowlands have _____ annual rainfall than caribbean lowlands | less |
| ________ have a distinct dry season | pacific coast lowlands |
| pacific coast lowlands vegetation | -natural deciduous forest cover of palm, boradleaf, fig and dyewood trees -savannas are scattered piedmont and river floodplains have rain forest, with giant guanacaste, ceiba, mahogany, cedar trees -thorny scrub in arid areas -tidal swap zones covere |
| pacific coast lowlands fauna | neotropical, similar to the Gulf Coast |
| northern mexico dry lands vegetation | yucca, agaves, cacti, clumps of mesquite, peyote |
| northern mexican dry lands fauna | deer, rabbits, neotropical animals such as jaguar, peccary and armadillo |
| largest arid zone in the entire region | northern mexico dry lands |
| first hunter gatherers arrived in Central America ________ years ago | 10,000 |
| tepexpan | another clovis site, with the complete female skeleton (called the tepexpan man) |
| by 9000 BC rising sea levels led to ... | changing vegetation and animal extinction. people modified their diets and activities, relying more on plants |
| earliest plant domestication was ________ in the valley of ______ at 8000 BC | squash; Oaxaca |
| pozole | soup made with large kernels, meat and veggies |
| atole | thin gruel of finely ground maize, often flavoured with fruit or sugar |
| sendentism contributed to... | -more agricultural way of life -evolution of urban life, and eventually -the formation of States |
| Olmecs | 1200 BC colossal stone heads stone sculptures hollow ceramic figurines storm drains |
| olmec languages | speculations they spoke Mixe Zoquean languages, spread from the Gulf Coast, across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and down the Pacific Coast and Guatemala |
| middle formative | -san lorenzo dominated the Olmec heartland -900 BC La Venta became a major Olmec center with large quantities of stone sculptures, tombs, mosaic masks |
| late formative | collapse of chalcatzingo |
| Teotihuacan: language and origin of Teoti people is ________ | unknown |
| Teotihuacan: cave symbolism | -networks of tunnels above the buildings: artificial caves for constructions materials -cavities were used for rituals: sacred nature = entrances to the underworld, where all things emerged from in the mythological past |
| government at Teotihuacan | -powerful centralized government -high degree of urban planning by central authorities -farmers had to move to urban settlement -great economic and political influence -conquered an empire in the central highlands |
| foreign influence of Teotihuacan | 1) create political contacts in distant lands 2) creation of a trading network 3) influential ideology |
| collapse of the maya | -between 800-900AD -state institutions became obsolete around AD800 -cessation of construction activity in the southern lowlands -no long count dates recorded at the Usumacinta river after AD840 -some centers were abandoned by elites, commoners stayed |
| causes of mayan collapse | failure of elite institutions demographic and ecological stress, intensive agriculture failure failures, droughts between 760-910, extensive warfare, organizational changes |
| sites in the north that flourished | Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Edzná, Sayil, Labna |
| tikal | -largest known regional center -population at least 50,000 -demise in AD800 |
| AD 562 tikal star war | recorded at Caracol, acting under the auspices of Tilak's rival city of Calakmul, no monuments erected in 130 years (until AD692) |
| Palenque architecture | -Usumacinta style -well ventilated and lighted rooms -great interior space -no freestanding monuments or stelae -writing and depictions of important rulers found in interiors |
| political changes of post classic period | -decentralization of political control over the economy, linked to the expansion of market systems, and long distance exchange between polities -aztec and tarascan emerged as dominant powers in northern Mesoamerica -mayapan had major influence in the no |
| after Tula fell... | -aztec peoples moved south to lake texcoco -aztec were granted royal marriages with venerable Toltec families |
| maya social classes | nobles: almenhen 25% of society commoners: macehuales slaves |
| aztec dynastic lines and religious beliefs came from the ______ | Toltecs |
Created by:
hawt4boiz