Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
MiamiCa
Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tumor that is well encapsulated, retains some normal tissue structure, and does not metastasize | Benign Tumors |
| cancers forming in the epithelia | carcinoma |
| cancers from ductal or glandular epithelium | adenocarcinoma |
| early stage tumors that have not broken through the basement membranes of the epithelium | Carcinoma in Situ |
| loss of differentiation | anaplasia |
| substances produced by cancer cells that are found in tumor plasma membranes or in blood, urine, or spinal flood | Tumor markers |
| genes that normally promote growth | Oncogenes |
| anorexia, early satiety, weight loss, anemia, altered metabolism | Cachexia |
| agents causing mutations | mutagenes |
| cancer cell's independence from normal cellular controls | authonomy |
| normal non mutant state genes that regulate the growth and proliferation of normal cells | proto-oncogenes |
| what prevents uncontrolled cell division? | Tumor suppressor genes (Also referred to as anti-oncogenes) |
| A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? a. Red blood cells b. Apoptotic cells c. Enzymes d. Neurotransmitters | C |
| A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth? a. Neoplasm b. Lipoma c. Meningioma d. Hypertrophy | A |
| Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: a. Release of growth factors b. Tumor regression c. Apoptosis d. New blood vessel growth | d |
| Which of the following indicates a nurse understands a proto-oncogene? A proto-oncogene is best defined as a(n) _____ gene. a. Normal b. Altered c. Inactive d. Tumor-suppressor | A |
| Which statement indicates the patient has a correct understanding of metastasis? The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and: a. Lung tissue b. Body cavities c. Lymphatics d. Connective tissues | C |
| APN is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give? a. Pneumonia and lung cancer b. Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer c. Prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer d. Hyperch | b |
| What happens in the mutation of normal genes when both chromosome copies of a gene are inactivated? | loss of heterozygosity |
| Cancer cells can restore ___________, leading to continued division (immortality) | telomeres |
| Where do tumor suppressor genes most often function and what do they do? | At the checkpoints in the cell cycle where they inhibit proliferation when a checkpoint has been activated |
| What are the 6 Tumor suppressor genes? | 1.) p53 2.) BRCA1 and BRCA2 3.) pRB (retinoblastoma protein) 4.) PTEN 5.) p16 6.) p21 |
| Physical activity | Physical activity Reduces cancer risk •Decreases insulin and insulin-like growth factors •Decreases obesity •Decreases inflammatory mediators and free radicals •Increases gut motility |
| Environmental Risk Factors •Occupational hazards | -Substantial number of occupational carcinogenic agents •Air pollution -Outdoor •Industrial emissions, etc. -Indoor •Cigarette smoke, radon |
| Benign vs. Malignant Tumors | Grow slowly, Well-defined capsule, Not invasive, Well differentiated, Low mitotic index, Do not metastasize Malignant Grow rapidly Not encapsulated Invasive Poorly differentiated (anaplasia) High mitotic index Can spread distantly |
| Inflammation and Cancer | -Causes cellular injury •Cytokine release from inflammatory cells •Free radicals •Mutation promotion •Decreased response to DNA damage -Examples: •Ulcerative colitis and colon ca •Hepatitis B or C and liver ca |
| Bacterial Cause of Cancer | Helicobacter pylori -Chronic infections are associated with: •Peptic ulcer disease •Stomach carcinoma •Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas |
| Viruses that can lead to ca | Hepatitis B and C viruses -Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) -Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) -Human papillomavirus (HPV) -Human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV) |
| -Loss of cell differentiation & organization | Anaplasia |
| Paraneoplastic syndromes | -Symptom complexes triggered by a cancer, but are not caused from direct effects of the tumor mass -Caused from biologic substances (hormones) released from the tumor or an immune response •SIADH •Hypercalcemia |
| p53 | the guardian of the cell. This gene is the most frequently mutated in most forms of cancers. |
| What are the characteristics of apoptosis? | Chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage, preservation of cellular membranes, rapid engulfment by neighboring cells. |
| Which are cancers arising from connective tissue tissues? a. Osteogenic sarcoma b. Basal cell carcinoma c. Multiple myeloma d. Adenocarcinoma | a |
| Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue origin? a. Blood vessels b. Epithelium cells c. Connective tissue d. Glandular tissue | b |
| What are characteristics of cancer in situ? a. Cells have broken through the local basement membrane. b. Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue. c. Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells. d. Cellular and tissues changes ind | c |
| Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of: a. dysplasia. b. hyperplasia. c. myoplasia. d. anaplasia. | d |
| What are tumor cell markers? a. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies produced by ca cel b. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked c. Cytokines produced against cancer cells d. Identification marks used in administering | a |
| How are tumor cell markers used? a. To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer b. To treat certain types of cancer c. To predict where cancers will develop d. To screen individuals at high risk for cancer | d |
| BCL -2 is an. | antipoptotic protein |
| overexpression of BCL-2 ... | allows CA to occur |
| Which of the following is NOT characteristic of reversible cell injury?a) Reduced oxidative phosphorylation b) ATP depletionc) Cellular shrinkingd) Changes in ion concentrationse) Water influx | C |
Created by:
maca36