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Brett Security Ch. 3
Chapter 3 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ActiveX | A set of rules for how applications under the Microsoft Windows operating system should share information. |
| ActiveX control | A specific way of implementing ActiveX that runs through the web browser and functions like a miniature application. |
| add-on | Program that provides additional functionality to web browsers. Also called extension. |
| Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) | Part of the TCP/IP protocol for determining the MAC address based on the IP address. |
| Arbitrary/remote code execution | An attack that allows an attacker to run programs and execute commands on a different computer. |
| ARP Poisoning | An attack that corrupts the ARP cache. |
| Attachment | A file that is coupled to an email message and often carries malware. |
| Buffer overflow attack | An attack that occurs when a process attempts to store data in RAM beyond the boundaries of a fixed-length storage buffer. |
| Client-side attack | An attack that targets vulnerabilities in client applications that interact with a compromised server or process malicious data. |
| Command injection | Injecting and executing commands to execute on a server. |
| Cookie | A file on a local computer in which a web server stores user-specific information. |
| Cross-site scripting (XSS) | An attack that injects scripts into a web application server to direct attacks at clients. |
| Denial of service (DoS) | An attack that attempts to prevent a system from performing its normal functions by overwhelming the system with requests. |
| Directory traversal | An attack that takes advantage of a vulnerability so that a user can move from the root directory to restricted directories. |
| Distributed denial of service (DDoS) | An attack that uses many computers to perform a DoS attack. |
| DNS poisoning | An attack that substitutes DNS addresses so that the computer is automatically redirected to an attacker’s device. |
| Domain Name System (DNS) | A hierarchical name system for translating domain names to IP addresses. |
| Extension | Another name for add-on. |
| First-party cookie | A cookie that is created from the website currently being viewed. |
| Flash cookie | Another name for locally shared object (LSO). |
| Host table | A list of the mappings of host names to IP addresses. |
| HTTP header | Part of HTTP that is comprised of fields that contain the different characteristics of the data that is being transmitted. |
| HTTP header manipulation | Modifying HTTP headers to create an attack. |
| Integer overflow attack | An attack that is the result of an attacker changing the value of a variable to something outside the range that the programmer had intended. |
| Locally shared object (LSO) | A cookie that is significantly different in size and location from regular cookies, and can store more complex data. Also called Flash cookie. |
| Man-in-the-middle | An attack that intercepts legitimate communication and forges a fictitious response to the sender. |
| Persistent cookie | A cookie that is recorded on the hard drive of the computer and does not expire when the browser closes. |
| Ping | A utility that sends an ICMP echo request message to a host. |
| Ping flood | An attack that uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to flood a victim with packets. |
| Plug-in | A third-party library that attaches to a web browser and can be embedded inside a webpage. |
| Privilege escalation | An attack that exploits a vulnerability in software to gain access to resources that the user normally would be restricted from accessing. |
| Replay | An attack that makes a copy of the transmission before sending it to the recipient. |
| Session cookie | A cookie that is stored in Random Access Memory (RAM), instead of on the hard drive, and only lasts only for the duration of a visit to a website. |
| Session hijacking | An attack in which an attacker attempts to impersonate the user by using the user’s session token. |
| Session Token | A form of verification used when accessing a secure web application. |
| Smurf attack | An attack that broadcasts a ping request to computers yet changes the address so that all responses are sent to the victim. |
| Spoofing | Impersonating another computer or device. |
| SQL Injection | An attack that targets SQL servers by injecting commands to be manipulated 3 by the database. |
| SYN flood attack | An attack that takes advantage of the procedures for initiating a TCP/IP session. |
| Third-party cookie | A cookie that was created by a third party that is different from the primary website. |
| XML (Executable markup language) | A markup language that is designed to carry data, in contrast to HTML, which indicates how to display data. |
| XML Injection | An attack that injects XML tags and data into a database. |
| Zero-day attack | Attack that exploits previously unknown vulnerabilities, so victims have no time (zero days) to prepare for or defend against the attack. |
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BWallace9311
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