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ch 2&3
chemistry and cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| About how many cells comprise the body of an adult | 50 to 100 trillion |
| a selective permeable membrane | allows some substances to pass through and excludes others |
| the major components of the cell membrane are | lipids and proteins |
| What are the three main parts of a cell? | Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm |
| the cell membrane does what | controls the movement of substances in and out of cells |
| which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? | a bilayer of phospholipid with loosely bound protein molecules are embedded and can move |
| endoplasmic reticulum is best described as | a network of interconected membranes. |
| vesicles are formed from | cell membrane |
| the organelle where energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP are | mitochondrion |
| cells lose water when placed in a | hypertonic solution |
| in a cell, lipids are synthesized in the | smooth ER |
| the movement of molecules through a membrane requires | hydrostatic pressure |
| which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? | facilitated diffusion |
| centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic | anaphase |
| if the concentration of glucose in the water outside of the cell is higher than the concentration inside | water will leave the cell by osmosis |
| chromosomes duplicate during | interphase |
| movement of water through selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution | the cell may swell and eventually burst |
| has a greater concentration of solute particles than do the cells in the solution. | hypertonic solution |
| has the same osmotic pressure as the cells in the solution. | isotonic solution |
| stage of the cell cycle unfold in the following order | interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentation. |
| brakedown of large molecules | catabolsim |
| A protein that spans the cell membrane | Integral Protein |
| The nucleolus contains | RNA & protein |
| Molecules bind to receptor sites and are enclosed in vesicles in the process of | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| proteins that allow cells to temporarily bind together | CAMs |
| Which of the following describes a lysosome? | a tiny, membranous sac that contains powerful enzymes responsible for the destruction of worn cell parts and foreign material |
| Which of the following is not a factor that influences the rate of diffusion? | the amount of energy available for transport molecules |
| hair like structures | cilia |
| produces energy through cellular respiration | mitochondria |
| create proteins | ribosomes |
| synthesis, packages and releases concentrate proteins or lipids | golgi apparatus |
| for cellular division and cellular reproduction | centrioles |
| supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins | cytoskeleton |
| The sequence of organelles and cell parts involved in milk secretion | nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane. |
| The main function of cristae is to: | increase the surface area for chemical reactions. |
| DNA molecules are in the nucleus | complexed with protein, forming chromatin fibers. |
| The function of the nucleus is to: | direct the activities of the cell. |
| Filtration is the movement of molecules through a membrane | by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side of the membrane than on the other. |
| Cytoskeletal structures that are not found in all cell types are | intermediate filaments. |
| Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? | They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. They provide much of the energy that the cell requires. They often are stored as reserve energy supplies. They include sugars and starches. |
| A simple carbohydrate | has a molecular formula of C6H12O6. |
| lipids | are insoluble in water, include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats. contain C, H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates. are organic. |
| A protein can denature when | weak hydrogen bonds break. |
| Which of the following is not organic? | oxygen |
| Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. | have more single carbon-carbon bonds |
| Characteristics of Proteins | are structural materials are chemical messengers. contain C, H, O, and N, and sometimes sulfur. can function as enzymes. |
| An enzyme is a ____. | protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted |
| The parts of a protein that change when it denatures are | the secondary and tertiary structures. |
| characteristics of DNA | stores genetic information. |
| Nucleic acids are | composed of building blocks called nucleotides. |
| The informational content of DNA and RNA is in the nitrogenous bases because | the bases are of several types and therefore can form a sequence |
| Table sugar breaking down into glucose and fructose is a(n) _______ reaction. | decomposition |
| Nucleic acids include | RNA and DNA. |
| DNA and RNA differ in that | DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein |
| The type of organic molecule that can replicate is a | nucleic acid. |
| Carbon can form ___ covalent bonds. | 4 |
| A triglyceride consists of | 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. |
| Glycogen is stored in the liver and | skeletal muscles |
| Which of the following molecules does not have a polar region? | Triglycerides |
| A biomarker is | a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin |
| An example of a biomarker is | cholesterol |
| A biomarker test for cancer should ideally be | inexpensive easy to perform. sensitive. specific |
| Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life? | Radium-226. |
| The ______ uses the element iodine. | thyroid |
| The isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is | iodine-141. |
| Matter is composed of ____, which are composed of _____. | elements; atoms |
| A complete atom is electrically neutral because the number of | negative electrons and positive protons are equal. |
| Atomic number equals the number of ______ and atomic weight equals the ____. | protons; number of protons plus neutrons |
| Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for | growth of body parts. |
| In a covalent bond | atoms share pairs of electrons. |
| On the pH scale | a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration separates each whole number the lower the whole number on the scale, the greater the H+ concentration pH values above 7 are basic. pH values below 7 are acidic. |
| Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of | cations |
| When cations and anions meet they | form a 3-D structure. |
| An acid reacting with a base is | an exchange reaction. |
| Water causes ionically-bonded molecules to | dissociate. |
| Bases reacting with acids form ________ and water. | electrolytes |
| In the body, oxygen | releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration |
| Atomic radiation is useful for treating cancer because | radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells |
| Exposure to ionizing radiation may | cloud the lens of the eye. |
| Which of the following is not a source of ionizing radiation? | Cholesterol and triglycerides |
| A CT scan differs from a conventional X-ray image because it is | three dimensional. |
| PET imaging follows the emission of | positrons. |
| as a cell grows, it | places more demands on its DNA. uses up food and oxygen more quickly. has more trouble moving enough materials across its cell membrane. |
| the average number or divisions that a human cell cultured in a dish can undergo is | 40-60 |
| the structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are | telomeres |
| the two types of genes that when abnormal cause cancer are | tumor suppressors and oncogenes |
| "Metabolism" refers to | all of the chemical reactions in a cell |
| Chemistry is a natural science that deals with the study of | composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter |
| Chemistry is important to the study of physiology because | We eat chemicals, body functions reflect cellular fuctions that reflect chemical changes, drugs are chemicals, chemical reactions enable our bodies to extract energy from nutrients |
| Which substance is an element | iron |
| The first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of | 2 electrons |
| The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of | neutrons |
| Atomic weight of an element the contains 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is | 16 |
| An atom that has 3 electrons in its second shell and a filled first shell will | lose 3 electrons from its second shell |
| decomposition reaction | AB---->A+B |
| Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are | acids |
| A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions | neutral |
| A chemical reaction in which pairs of different molecules trade positions | exchange reaction |
| substances that ionize when dissolved in water | electrolytes |
| A person has alkalosis if the blood pH | rise about 7.4 |
Created by:
lula78