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Endocrinology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is considered the structural units of the endocrine system? | The endocrine glands |
| What is the difference between how the nervous and the endocrine systems communicate with the body? | The Nervous system communicates by means of electrical impulses and neurotransmitters - which the body responds to within milliseconds. The Endocrine system communicates by means of hormones that are circulated via the bloodstream - which reacts more slowly, often taking seconds to days. |
| How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands? | Endocrine glands are ductless - they secrete hormones directly into capillaries to circulate in the blood which usually has a wide spread system response. Exocrine glands have ducts that they release products that usually have only a direct local effect only on the body. |
| What is the definition of metabolism? | It is the cellular process that produces the energy and molecules needed for growth and/or repair. |
| What are the eight major endocrine glands found in the human body? | Hypothalamus (Brain), Pituitary (Brain), Thyroid (Throat), Parathyroid (Throat), Thymus (Chest), Pancreas (Abdomen), Adrenal glands (Abdomen), Gonads (Pelvis) |
| Where is the hypothalamus located at? | It is located deep within the cerebrum of the brain |
| What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus? | Growth releasing hormone, Growth inhibiting hormone, Corticotropin releasing hormone, Thyrotropin releasing hormone, Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Prolactin releasing hormone, Prolactin inhibiting hormone |
| How does the hypothalamus communicate to the anterior pituitary gland? | By hypothalamic hormones from the hypothalamus |
| How does the hypothalamus communicate to the posterior pituitary gland? | By electrical impulses from the hypothalamus |
| What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as Vasopressin & Oxytocin |
| What effects does the release of ADH have on the body? | It causes a retention of body water |
| What effect(s) does the release of Oxytocin have on the body? | It causes uterine contractions and lactation |
| What is diabetes insipidus? | A disorder marked by large volumes of urine being lost by the patient, due to inadequate ADH secretion relative to blood volume. |
| What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - targets adrenal cortexes, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - targets thyroid, Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH) - targets gonads, or sex organs, Luteinizing hormone (LH) - targets gonads, Prolactin (PRL) - targets mammary glands of women, Growth hormone (GH) - targets almost all body cells |
| What three hormones are produced by the thyroid? | Thyroxine (T4) - stimulates cell metabolism, Triiodothyronine (T3) - stimulates cell metabolism, Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium levels |
| What hormone is produced by the parathyroid? | Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases blood calcium levels |
| What hormone is secreted by the thymus gland during childhood? | Thymosin - promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes, responsible for cell mediated immunity. |
| Does the pancreas contain endocrine or exocrine tissue? | Both, Exocrine tissues secrete digestive enzymes, Endocrine tissues is found in the islets of langerhans which only makes up about 2% of the pancreas total mass. |
| What do alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete? | Glucagon - which promotes an increase in the patient's blood sugar |
| What do beta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete? | Insulin - which is an antagonist of glucagon - will lower the patient's blood sugar by allowing sugar to enter the cells. |
| What do delta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce and secrete? | Somatostatin - inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin |
| What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? | Catecholamine hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine) |
| What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex? | It secretes 3 classes of steroidal hormones that differ only slightly in chemical composition (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids & Androgenic) |
| What hormones are produced by the ovaries? | Estrogen & Progesterone |
| What is produced by the male gonads? | Sperm cells |
| What hormone is produced by the testes? | Testosterone |
| Where is the pineal gland located at? | It is located in the roof of the thalamus in the brain |
| What hormone is released by the pineal gland? | Melatonin |
| What is anabolism? | It is the building process within a cell |
| What is catabolism? | It is the breakdown process within a cell |
| The presence of glucose in the urine is called ______________. | Glycosuria |
| What is polydipsia? | Constant thurst |
| What is polyuria? | It is excessive urination |
| What is polyphagia? | It is a ravenous appetite |
| The presence of excess thyroid hormones found in a patient's blood is termed _____________. | Hyperthyroidism |
| The presence of inadequate thyroid hormones in a patient's blood is termed _____________. | Hypothyroidism |
| The long-term exposure to inadequate levels of thyroid hormones that results in a change of the patient's skin, causes swelling around the lips and nose, an altered mental status and a subnormal metabolic rate is termed _____________. | Myxedema |
| Is Graves' disease more common in women or men? | Women - 6 times as much |
| A patient with Graves' disease may present with the protrusion of their eyeballs from their sockets - this is termed _______________. | Exophthalmos |
| Glucose is transported from the bloodstream to inside of the cell with the help of what? | Insulin |
| Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the ____________ of thyroid hormones. | Overproduction (hyperthyroidism) |
| __________ syndrome is caused by excessive adrenocortical activity. | Cushing's |
| __________ disease is cause by a deficient in adrenocortical activity. | Addison's |
| What are some signs/symptoms of a patient with Cushing's syndrome? | Weight gain (especially to the face/eyes/neck area), a moon face appearance, an accumulation of fat on the upper back referred to as a "buffalo hump" |
| What affect does ADH have in the body? | It causes retention of body water |
| What affect does Oxytocin have in the body? | It causes uterine contraction and lactation |
| What affect does Thyroxine (T4) have in the body? | It stimulates cell metabolism |
| What affect does Triiodothryonine (T3) have in the body? | It stimulates cell metabolsim |
| What affect does Calcitonin have in the body? | It lowers blood calcium levels |
| What affect does Parathyroid hormone have in the body? | It increases blood calcium levels |
| What affect does Thymosin have in the body? | It promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes |
| What affect does Glucagon have in the body? | It increases blood glucose levels |
| What affect does Insulin have in the body? | It decreases blood glucose levels |
| What affect does Somatostatin have in the body? | It inhibits the secretion of both glucagon and insulin |
| What is Glycogenolysis? | It is the break down of glycogen into glucose |
| What is Gluconeogenesis? | It is the production of new glucose molecules from nonsugar sources in the body |
Created by:
kevinakers