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AP Psychology Unit11

Unit Test Review

Term	Definition
Intelligence	The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. "A mental ability to learn from experience" Socially constructed and is defined to the attributes that enable success in a culture.
Psychologists Use Intelligence Tests	To assess individuals' mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others
Reification	A reasoning error to regard an abstract concept as if it were a real concrete thing. Referring to someone's intelligence quotient as if it were a fixed and objectively real treat is committing this.
Reification Example	You claim that you are intellectually gifted because you "possess" an IQ of 145
"School Smarts"	The sort of problem solving that demonstrates this is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of intelligence
Types of General Intelligence Tests	Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC
Factor Analysis	A statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of closely related test items. It has been used to assess whether intelligence is a single trait or a collection of distinct abilities.
Spearman's G Factor	A general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
Charles Spearman	Believed that the value of a single intelligence test score provided an index of an individual's mental capacities
Illustration of the G Factor	Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude,
Ability To Solve Novel Problems	People's scores on the general intelligence factor are most highly correlate with the
Those who emphasize the G Factor	Encourage quantifying intelligence with a single numerical factor
L.L Thurstone	Disagreed with Spearman about the nature of intelligence. He identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities rather than one general intelligence factor.
Seven Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities	Verbal Comprehension, Spatial Orientation, Inductive Reasoning, Number Facility, Word Fluency, Associative Memory, Perceptual Speed
Thurstone Claimed	That word fluency involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning
Thurstone's Seven Primary Mental Abilities Example	There is a tendency for those who excel in one of Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities to also demonstrate high levels of competence in other abilities, providing evidence of general intelligence.
Howard Gardner	Identified a total of eight intelligences. Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude criticize Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences as extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents
Eight Intelligences	Musical (Music Smart), Bodily-Kinesthetic (Body Smart), Interpersonal (People Smart), Verbal-Linguistic (Word Smart). Logical Mathematical (Logic Smart), Naturalistic (Nature Smart), Interpersonal (Self Smart), and Visual Spatial (Picture Smart)
Savant Syndrome Part One	A person who demonstrates an exceptional specific mental skill while otherwise remaining very limited in intellectual capacity. The characteristics of this directly suggests that intelligence is a diverse set of distinct abilities.
Savant Syndrome Part Two	Has been used to support Gardner's argument for multiple intelligences
Savant Syndrome Example	Stephen Wiltshire is a British architectural artist. He is known for his ability to draw from memory a landscape after seeing it just once. At the age of three he was diagnosed as autistic.
Robert Sternberg	Developed the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. He distinguished between analytical, practical, and creative intelligences.
The Sternberg-Wagner Test	Measures practical intelligence such as writing skills, skill in motivating others, and the ability to effectively delegate tasks.
Analytic Intelligence	Mental steps or "components" used to solve problems
Creative Intelligence	Use of experience in ways that foster insight
Practical Intelligence	Ability to read and adapt to the contexts of everyday life
Emotional Intelligence	The ability to identify, use, understand, and manage emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges, and defuse conflict
Critical Component	Emotional Intelligence is this of Social Intelligence
Components of Emotional Intelligence are	Predicting accurately when feelings are about to change, controlling one's impulses, and delaying immediate pleasures in pursuit of long term goals.
Criticism for Emotional Intelligence	For extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills.
Emotional Intelligence Example	In stressful situations you can maintain your poise and help others feel comfortable
Spearman's General Intelligence	A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas. Different abilities correlate like Verbal and Spatial. Human abilities are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factor.
Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities	Our intelligence is broke down to seven factors. A single G score is not as informative as scores for seven primary mental abilities. Thurstone seven mental abilities show a tendency to cluster, suggesting an underlying g factor.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Part One	Our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences which include a broad range skills beyond school smarts. Intelligence is more than verbal and math skills, our other abilities are important to our human adaptability.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Part Two	Should all of our abilities be considered intelligences? Shouldn't some be called less vital talents
Sternberg's Triarchic Part One	Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical. These three facets can be reliably measured.
Sternberg's Triarchic Part Two	These three facets may be less independent than Sternberg thought and may actually share an underlying G factor. Additional testing is needed to determine whether these facets can reliably predict success.
MRI Scan Reveal	Correlations of about +.33 between people's brain size (adjusted for body size) and their intelligence scores.
Comparison to Einstein's Brain	Although not notably heavier or larger in total size than the typical Canadian's brain, Einstein's brain was 15% larger in the lower region of the partial lobe.
Lower Region of Partial Lobe	Is a center for processing mathematical and spatial information
Postmortem Brain Analyses	Reveal that highly educated people have more synapses when they die than do their less educated counterparts
Research on Intelligence and Brain Anatomy	Indicates that highly intelligent children demonstrate greater neural plasticity than their less intelligent counterparts
Environmental Stimulation	During childhood often contributes to the developmental of intelligence by altering the circuity of the brain or neural plasticity.
High Intelligences Scores Have Been Linked With	High concentrations of gray matter in certain regions of front lobe. Gray matter is the cell bodies of neurons.
Higher Intelligences Scores are Positively Correlated	With the volume of gray matter in specific areas involved in memory, attention, and language.
Studies suggest that there is a positive correlation between	Intelligence and the neural processing speed in the brain.
To learn whether intelligence is related to information-processing capacities	Researchers have tested participants to determine how long it takes them to perceive briefly presented visual images. The speed with which people retrieve information for memory has been found to be a predictor of their verbal intelligence.
Retrieve Information Example	Precocious 12 to 14 year-old college students with unusually high levels of verbal intelligence are most likely to retrieve information from memory at an unusually rapid speed
Sir Francis Galton	This nineteenth-century English scientist believed that superior intelligence is biologically inherited. Also authored the book Heredity Genius
Galton Attempted to Assess Intellectual Strengths by Measuring	Muscular Power, Sensory Acuity, Body Proportions
Alfred Binet Part One	The French government commissioned this person to develop an intelligence test that would reduce the need to rely on teacher's subjectively biased judgement of student's learning potential
Alfred Binet Part Two	Intelligence test were initially designed by this person and Simon to assess academic aptitude and to identify children likely to have difficulty learning in regular school classes. They assumed a bright child would perform like a normal older child.
Mental Age	The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance. Used to determine whether a child's intellectual development was fast or slow. To asses this, Binet and Simon measured children's reasoning skills
Mental Age Example	Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. His mental age is 4
IQ (original Stanford-Binet)	Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
IQ (original Stanford-Binet) Example	A 12-year-old who responded to the original Stanford Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of 75
Lewis Terman's	Widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test was the Stanford-Binet.
Binet and Terman	Would disagree about the extent to which intelligence is determined by heredity
Terman felt that IQ	Was inherited and that intelligence tests would be a great way to classify children
The Eugenics Movement	Encouraged selective breeding of highly intelligent people
In the early 20th century, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests	to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. Poor test scores among immigrants who were not of Anglo-Saxon heritage were attributed to innate mental inferiority.
The original IQ formula	would be least appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of college students
A survey of history of intelligence testing reinforces	that important lessons that although science strives for objectivity, scientists can be influenced by their personal biases
Achievement Tests	Tests designed to assess learned knowledge or skills
Achievement Test Example	The final exam in a calculus course.
Aptitude Tests	Tests designed to predict ability to learn a new skills
Aptitude Tests Example	A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic
Weschler Adult Intellgience Scale (WAIS)	A test that provides separate verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed scores, as well as an overall intelligence score.
Three performance subtests of the WAIS	Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design. Designed to test children's intelligence.
Weschler Adult Intellgience Scale (WAIS) Example	Twenty-two-year-old Bernie takes the WAIS, a test that measures diverse abilities as digit span, vocabulary. and object assembly
Standardization	A person's test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group
Standardization Example	If you were told that you correctly answered 80 percent of the times on a math achievement test, and you asked how you performance compared with an average test taker, your concern would be directly related to the issue of standardization
Normal Curve	The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern known as this
Less than 2% of people fall in this range	55-70 or 130-145
About 95% people	Fall in this range within 30 points of 100
About 68% people	Fall in this range within 15 points of 100
Flynn Effect	The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century. It is due to increasingly improved childhood health and nutrition. It is least likely to be explained in terms of changes in human genetic characteristics.
The Flynn Effect best illustrates	That the process of intelligence testing requires up-to-date standardization samples
Flynn Effect Example	Comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample with average performance of the most recent WAIS standardization provides convincing evidence of the Flynn Effect.
Reliability	If a test yields consistent results every time it is used. To measure reliability researchers assess the correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test and assess the correlation between scores obtained on alternative forms of a test.
Reliability Example	You take the same test twice over a six month period. If your scores are almost identical on the two occasions, the test has a high degree of reliability.
Validity	If a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to measure or predict. Psychologists measure the correlation between aptitude tests and school grades in order to assess the validity of the aptitude test.
Validity Example	Academic aptitude test scores are most likely to predict accurately the academic success of elementary school.
Content Validity	Refers how to accurately an assessment or measurement tool taps into the various aspects of the specific constructs in question.
Content Validity Question	Do the questions really assess the construct in question or are the responses by the person answering the questions influenced by the other factors.
Content Validity Example	If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to have this
Predictive Validity	Refers to how well the assessment results can predict a relationship between the construct of being measured and future behavior.
Predictive Validity Question	Does this assessment measure what it is intended to measure and can the results be used to predict things about the participants?
Predictive Validity Example	This of general aptitude tests decrease as educational experience of the students who take them increases because there is a relatively restricted range of aptitude test scores among students at a higher education levels.
Rough indicator of infants' later intelligence	Some studies show this by their preference for looking at a new rather than old picture
The stability of children's intelligence test scores over time	Is most positively correlated with their chronological age
Research has indicated that seventh and eight graders	Who outscored most high school seniors on a college aptitude test had begun reading at an unusually early age
The high positive correlations between scores received on comparable sections of the	SAT and GRE provides evidence for the reliability of these test scores
Ian and his colleagues	Retested 80 year old Scots, using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-year-olds, the correlation of their scores across seven decades was +0.66
Stability Example	IQ tends to remain stable over the lifespan. Those who scored high on an intelligence test at age 11, scored high at age 80
Women scoring in the highest 25% on the national intelligence test	At age 11 tended to live longer than those who scored in the lowest 25 %
Down Syndrome	Is a condition involving intellectual disability caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup
Intellectually disabled children	Have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent adult life
Individuals with a mild intellectual disability	Have an intelligence score between 50 and 69
Individuals with intellectual disabilities	Have an intelligence score between 35 and 49
Over the past 50 years	Children with an intellectual disability have increasingly been mainstreamed into regular school classrooms.
The percentage of people diagnosed with an intellectual disability	Has increased over the past 80 years because intelligence tests have been re standardized
Terman's observations of 1500 California children with IQ scores over 135	Found that intellectually gifted children are typically socially adjusted and academically successful.
Gifted Education Programs are Criticized for	Widening the achievement gap between higher and lower ability groups & Encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged students
Research on the determinants of intelligence	Indicates that both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores.
Researchers have identified many different chromosomal regions	Important to intelligence indicating that intelligence is a polygenetic trait
Twin and Adoption Studies	The similarity between intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is greater than ordinary siblings raised together. As children age, adopted children's intelligence test scores become more positively correlated with their biological parents
The Heritability of Intelligence	Refers to the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors. Twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing this
The heritability of intelligence is greatest among	Genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments
The impact of early environmental influences on intelligence	Is most apparent among children who experience minimal interaction with caregivers. The intellectual development of neglected children in impoverished environments is often depressed
Early Environmental Example	J. McVicker Hunt studied children an Iranian orphanage that suffered delayed intellectual development due to a deprived environment. He began a program of tutored human enrichment that trained caregivers to imitate babies' babbling
The Mozart Effect	Refers to the now discounted finding that cognitive ability is boosted by listening to classical music
Research indicates that Head Start programs	Reduce the likelihood that participants will repeat grades or require special education and increase the school readiness of children from disadvantaged home environments
Interventions that promote intelligence teach early teens that the brain is like a muscle	That strengthens with use. This encourage teens to view intelligence as changeable over time
Boys are most likely	To outperform girls in a chess game and in mentally rotating three-dimensional objects
Girls are most likely	To outperform boys in a spelling bee and perform as well or better than males at reciting poetry
Research suggests that women are more skilled	Than men at interpreting others' facial expression of emotion
Males are most likely to outnumber females	In a highschool classroom for students that are highly gifted in math problem solving
Exposure to high levels of male sex hormones	During prenatal development is most likely to facilitate the subsequent development of spatial abilities
Sweden and Iceland exhibit	Little of the gender gap in mathematical abilities found in Turkey and Korea illustrating that mental abilities are socially influenced.
Research on racial differences	In intelligence indicates that on average Black American perform less well than White Americans on intelligence tests.
The racial gap on the IQ test	Is caused by differences in environments. Race is a social category not a biological one.
The distribution of intelligence test scores	Among different racial groups in America is represented by the normal curve
The intelligence scores of better-fed population	Are higher than the scores of the 1930s population
Research on racial and ethnic differences	In intelligence indicates that the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are notably higher than those of North American children
The average difference in intellectual aptitude scores of White and Black college graduates	Has been observed to be greatest when these individuals were high school juniors
The Question of Bias	Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in content validity. Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the predictive validity.
The Question of Bias Example	When completing a verbal aptitude test, members of an ethnic minority group are particularly likely to perform below their true ability levels if they believe that the test is biased against members of their own ethnic group
Blacks have been founded to score lower on tests of verbal aptitude	When tested by Whites than when tested by Blacks illustrating the impact of stereotype threat
Stereotype Threat	Self-fulfilling expectations are triggered by stereotype threat
Experts who defend intelligence tests against accusations of racial bias	Note that racial difference in intelligence test scores occur on nonverbal as well as verbal intelligence subscales
Psychologists would agree that intelligence tests	Have comparable predictive validity for Whites and Blacks
Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination	In the sense that they have helped limit reliance on educators' subjectively biased judgments of students academic potential

Created by: SinthuGotCash

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