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_____ of the heart (at level of 2nd interspace)?
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Diaphragmatic border of the heart crosses ______ junction?
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Anatomy 2
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ of the heart (at level of 2nd interspace)? | Base |
| Diaphragmatic border of the heart crosses ______ junction? | xiphisternal |
| Apex of the heart (in __ interspace, at approx. mid-clavicular line)? | 5th |
| Location of heart:_______: the heart suspended in the rib cage by the great vessels | Superiorly |
| Location of heart:Anteriorly: the heart is related to the ___________ and the _______? | body of the sternum, thymus |
| Location of heart: Anterolateral, Laterally, & Posterolaterally: the heart is related to the _____ and its pleura? | lung |
| Location of heart: Posteriorly: the heart is related to what 4 things? | part of right lung, part of left lung, the esophagus, the aorta |
| Location of heart: Inferiorly: the diaphragmatic/inferior portion of the parietal pericardium/pericardial sac is firmly fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm, with the inferior ________ penetrating it on the right side. | vena cava |
| The _____ consists of a parietal component and a visceral component. | pericardium |
| The ____ pericardium is the fibrous pericardium with its serous lining. | parietal |
| ________ pericardium: The reflection of the serous component on the origins and terminations of the great vessels and the heart constitutes the visceral pericardium (also called the epicardium) | Visceral |
| The space between the two serous membranes is the __________. The surfaces are in contact and covered with a watery fluid which functions to reduce friction during contractions and relaxations of the heart. | pericardial cavity |
| The heart is suspended at its ____ by the great vessels. It occupies an asymmetrical position, with its ______ pointing anteriorly, inferiorly, and towards the left. | base, apex |
| ________ - the groove separating atria from the ventricles. | coronary sulcus |
| Anterior and Posterior ________ - dividing right and left ventricles and meeting each other at a notch near the apex. | Interventricular Sulci |
| Right ventricle: lying ______ and occupying most of the sternocostal surface. Left atrium: sitting at the ________ aspect of the heart. | anteriorly, posterior |
| _____ : the appendage of the atrium. | auricle |
| _______: a variable amount of fat occupying the sulci of the heart | Cardiac Fat |
| There is a double circulation consisting of the _____ circulation, which supplies all of the body except the lungs, and the _______ circulation supplying the lungs. In the adult, the two systems are entirely separate. | systemic, pulmonary |
| The human heart has 4 chambers. They are: 1. ____ and _____ Atria that receive blood. 2. Left and Right _______ that pump blood to the body and the lungs. | left, right, ventricles |
| RIGHT ATRIUM = 2 parts: _________ (sinus venarum) and ______? | principal cavity, auricle |
| The vessels emptying blood into the right atrium are: | 1. anterior cardiac veins 2. superior vena cava 3. inferior vena cava 4. coronary sinus 5. venarum rninimarum (Thebesian veins) |
| The _________ septum is the muscular wall separating the right from the left atrium. | interatrial |
| _______: the remains of the aperture of the foramen ovale through which blood flows from the right to the left atrium before birth. | Fossa ovalis |
| ______________: the raised margin of the fossa located above and anteriorly to the fossa. | limbus of the fossa ovalis |
| Valves associated with the right atrium are: | valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus, tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve |
| _________: is a falciform fold which is much larger in the fetus and directs blood from the inferior vena cava directly through the foramen ovale into the left atrium in fetal life. | valve of the inferior vena cava |
| __________: is a small fold which is incompetent in regard to preventing back-flow into the coronary sinus. | valve of the coronary sinus |
| __________: guards the right atrioventricular ostium and is composed of 3 cusps: anterior, posterior, and septal. | tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve |
| The _________: is a muscular ridge which extends downwards from near the ostium of the superior vena cava towards the front of the inferior vena cava. | crista terminalis |
| _______ muscles: are muscular ridges in the right auricle. | pectinate |
| The _________ auricle is the blind, ear-shaped pouch extending out anteroinferiorly from the heart. | right |
| The ________ is the funnel-shaped upper end of the right ventricle which gives rise to the pulmonary trunk. | conus arteriosus |
| The chordae tendineae (pl)/chorda tendinae (sg) are fibrous cords extending from the cusps of the tricuspid valve to the ends of the protruding nipple-like _______ muscles. The papillary muscles are named anterior, posterior, and septal. | papillary |
| ridge-like bundles of muscles which project into the cavity of the ventricle. A particularly prominent muscle of this group which passes from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle is the ______. | Trabeculae carneae (pl)/trabecula carnae (sg), septomarginal trabecula/moderator band - It contains the right crus of the AV bundle. |
| The valves associated with the right ventricle are: | - tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve, - the pulmonary valve which lies anterior to the aortic valve and consists of a semilunar valve composed of 3 cusps/valvules: right, left, and anterior. |
| T/F: Left atrium is larger than the right atrium? | FALSE! It is smaller. |
| 4 pulmonary veins, interatrial septum, left auricle... are all found where? | left atrium |
| T/F - The apex of the left ventricle is also the apex of the heart? | TRUE! |
| The chordae tendineae, also present in the left ventricle, are cord-like strands which run from the AV cusps to the _______ muscles (named anterior and posterior). | papillary. Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent the cusps of the AV valve from being everted into the atrium. |
| ________ - are ridge-like muscles which project into the cavity of the ventricle. | Trabeculae carneae |
| The ________ is composed of a thin dorsal membranous part, the pars membranacae, and a ventral thick muscular part, the pars muscularis. | interventricular septum |
| Valves associated with the left ventricle are: | - left atrioventricular/bicuspid/mitral valve, - aortic valve |
| _____ - guards the left AV ostium or orifice, that large opening from the left atrium to the left ventricle, through which oxygenated blood from the lungs descends. The mitral valve is composed of 2 cusps: anterior and posterior. | left atrioventricular/bicuspid/mitral valve |
| _______ - located behind pulmonary valve & composed of 3 cusps/valvules: L, R, and posterior. The valve functions in preventing regurgitation of blood into the ventricle while the pressure in aorta is high and relaxing ventricle is low. | aortic valve |
| The ___ coronary artery arises from the sinus of the left cusp/valvule of the aortic valve, and the left anterolateral side of the base of the ascending aorta. Shortly after emerging, the artery divides into an ______ and a circumflex branch. | left, anterior interventricular branch |
| ____ a. descends in sulcus of the same name to supply L ventricle and portions of the R.There's a weak anastomosis w/ posterior interventricular branch of R coronary on diaphragmatic surface of apex. The ANT. interventricular aa. gives origin to _____. | anterior interventricular, left marginal branch |
| The _____ artery passes around to the posterior surface of the heart in the coronary groove. It terminates as the posterior (left) ventricular branch on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart. | circumflex |
| The right coronary artery arises from the __________, and the right anterolateral side of the base of the ascending aorta. | sinus of the right cusp/valvule of the aortic valve |
| R. coronary artery passes to the right in the coronary sulcus where it gives rise to a _______ branch which supplies the SA node (pacemaker). | sinuatrial nodal |
| R. coronary artery gives rise to a ______, then courses to the posterior or diaphragmatic surface of the heart where it descends in the ____ as the posterior interventricular branch. | right marginal branch, posterior interventricular sulcus- The posterior interventricular artery usually gives off an AV nodal branch to AV node. |
| The weak anastomoses of the heart are: | - anterior interventricular a. with posterior interventricular |
| The _____ ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus with the anterior interventricular a. to the coronary sulcus, and then continues to the left with the circumflex a.around to the posterior surface of the heart. | great cardiac vein |
| Near termination of great cardiac vein it is joined from above by a small vein from the left atrium termed the ______ of the left atrium. At this point it becomes the coronary sinus. | oblique vein |
| The posterior vein of the left ventricle generally joins the coronary sinus below the entrance of the oblique vein of the left atrium. The coronary sinus terminates by emptying into the ______? | right atrium |
| Other tributaries to coronary sinus are ______ vein, which ascends in posterior interventricular sulcus with the posterior interventricular a., and the ______ vein passing from the front in the coronary sulcus with the right coronary a. | middle cardiac, small cardiac |
| T/F: the coronary sinus receives the great cardiac v., oblique vein of the left atrium, posterior vein of the left ventricle, middle cardiac v., and small cardiac v. | True! |
| surface veins that open directly into the right atrium. | anterior cardiac veins |
| ______ - In the right atrial wall between the right auricle and the superior vena cava at the upper end of the crista terminalis, which is that curved crest where the pectinate muscles seem to terminate. | sinuatrial node (SA node) |
| __________: In the interatrial septum near the ostium of the coronary sinus. | ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE (AV node) |
| AV bundle extends from the atrioventricular node into the pars membranacae of the interventricular septum and there it divides into: ____crus of the atrioventricular bundle and the ____ crus of the atrioventricular bundle. | right, left |
| R crus extends downwards just under the endocardium of the interventricular septum and crosses the cavity of the right ventricle, via _____, to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. The right crus of the atrioventricular bundle ends in the outer. | septomarginal trabecula/moderator band, right ventricular wall |
| T/F: The right crus of the AV bundle also passes just deep to the endocardium and to the left ventricular wall. | false! the left crus.... |
| ______________: R. vagus —> SA node L. vagus —> AV node | parasympathetics |
| __________: R. sympathetics —> SA node L. sympathetics —> AV node | sympathetics |
| The aorta is divided into how many parts within the thorax? | 3 |
| ____ - about 3 cm in diameter & 5-5.5 cm long, enclosed within the pericardial sac; it gives origin to left and right coronary arteries (in aortic sinuses in aortic semilunar valve)? | Ascending aorta |
| ____ - lies in the superior mediastinum just deep to the lower part of the manubrium, usually has 3 branches as it passes over the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, first anterior then left of the trachea | Aortic arch |
| The aortic arch is crossed on its _____ surface by both the L. vagus and L. phrenic nerves. | anterior |
| The arterial branches are: | a. brachiocephalic trunk/arterv (innominate a.) b. left common carotid artery c. left subclavian artery |
| ____ - lies in the posterior mediastinum and extends from the termination of the aortic arch at the level of the disk between T4 and T5 (and sternal angle) to the lower border of the body of the T12 vertebra. | Descending Thoracic Aorta |
| As the descending thoracic aorta descends it passes _____ to the root (bronchus, vessels, nerves) of the left lung. | posterior |
| Descending Thoracic Aorta: Visceral Branches (4): | pericardial aa., bronchial aa., esophageal aa., mediastinal aa |
| Descending Thoracic Aorta: Parietal Branches (3): | posterior intercostal aa., subcostal aa., superior phrenic aa. |
| ____ - lies within pericardial sac, w/ visceral serous pericardium reflected over its surface. It arises from the conus arteriosus of the R. ventricle. It ascends obliquely, passing at first anterior, then to the left of the ascending aorta. | Pulmonary trunk |
| Near the undersurface of the aortic arch it the pulmonary trunk bifurcates into _________ & _________? | Right Pulmonary Artery, Left Pulmonary Artery |
| ______ artery - longer and larger than the L., runs posterior to the ascending aorta, superior vena cava and anterior to the right bronchus. Near the hilus of the R. lung it divides into 2 branche? | Right pulmonary |
| Superiorly, the origin of the left pulmonary artery is connected to the aortic arch by the _________, to the left of which lies the left recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus, and on the right the superficial cardiac plexus. | ligamentum arteriosum |
| ________ artery - shorter and smaller than the right, it passes anterior to the descending aorta and left bronchus? | Left pulmonary |
| The left pulmonary artery divides into _ branches? | 2 |
| Formed by junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins. The _______ veins terminate by uniting to form the superior vena cava. Because the vena cava is on the right, the left _________ vein is longer than the right. | brachiocephalic, brachiocephalic |
| _________ vein - about 1" long and begins deep to the sternal end of the clavicle. It passes downward to join the left brachiocephalic vein. | Right Brachiocephalic Vein |
| Right Brachiocephalic Vein: tributaries: | right vertebral v., right internal thoracic v., right inferior thyroid v., right 1st posterior intercostal v. |
| ________ vein - about 2.4" long and begins at the sternal end of left clavicle? | Left Brachiocephalic Vein |
| Left Brachiocephalic Vein: tributaries: | left vertebral v., left internal thoracic v., left inferior thyroid v., left highest (superior) intercostal v. |
| Left highest (superior) intercostal v. <— drains ___, ___, ___ interspaces (2,3,4 post, intercostal w.) | 2nd, 3rd, 4th |
| _____ vein - begins oppo. 1st or 2nd lumbar verte. from a tributary, the R. ascending lumbar v. and a br. from the inferior vena cava. Run superiorly, anterior to lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, passes _________ (from P-A) emptying into superior vena cava. | Azygos, over root of right lung |
| Azygos vein tributaries (6)? | Right Posterior Intercostal Veins, Right Highest (superior) Intercostal Vein, Right Subcostal Vein, Hemiazygos Vein, Accessory Hemiazygos Vein, Right Bronchial Veins |
| _______ - Veins, EXCEPT the first 4, three of which (2, 3, 4th) fuse to form the right highest (superior) intercostal v. which then drains into the azygos v.The right 1st (supreme) posterior intercostal vein drains into the right brachiocephalic vein | Right Posterior Intercostal |
| Hemiazygos Vein: crosses over to azygos at T9 vertebra; it receives the following veins: | caudal 3 or 4 left posterior intercostal veins, left subcostal |
| ___________ Vein: either crosses the body of the T8 vertebra or joins the hemiazygos after beginning at T4; it receives the middle 3 or 4 left posterior intercostal veins | Accessory Hemiazygos |
| __________ Veins: usually 2 veins (left 2 bronchials drain into hemiazygos or left superior intercostal). | Right Bronchial |
| PULMONARY VEINS - 4 veins (two from each lung) return oxygenated blood from lungs to ____ atrium. The right pulmonary veins pass posterior to the ______ atrium and superior vena cava. The left veins are anterior to the descending thoracic aorta. | left, right |
| __________ - A thick partition in the thorax which is bounded laterally by pleural sacs, ventrally by the sternum, and dorsally by the vertebral column. | Mediastinum |
| Divisions of the mediastinum? | superior and inferior mediastinum |
| SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM: upper limit = plane of ___ rib lower limit = horizontal line passing through the sternal angle (manubriosternal joint) and the disk between __ and ___ vertebrae | 1st, T4, T5 |
| INFERIOR MEDIASTINUM: upper limit = superior ________ lower limit = _____________ | mediastinum, respiratory diaphragm |
| Subdivisions of mediastinum? | Anterior, middle, posterior mediastinum |
| Anterior Mediastinum - limits listed superiorly: by lower border of superior mediastinum inferiorly: diaphragm anteriorly: _________ posteriorly: ______________ | body of sternum, pericardial sac (fibrous pericardium) |
| _______ Mediastinum superiorly: lower border of superior mediastinum inferiorly: diaphragm anteriorly: pericardial sac posteriorly: pericardial sac | Middle |
| Posterior Mediastinum superiorly: lower border of superior mediastinum inferiorly: diaphragm anteriorly: pericardial sac posteriorly: _____________ caudally: extends to level of T12 vertebra | vertebral column |
| The ____ artery arises deep to the sternoclavicular joint from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the longer ____ artery arises from the arch of the aorta between the brachiocephalic to its right and left subclavian to its left. | Right common carotid, left common carotid |
| Both CCA ascend in the ______ on either side of the trachea and give off __ branches; they terminate at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage when each CCA ends by bifurcating into an external and internal carotid artery. | Carotid sheath, no |
| CCA passes in front of the _____________________ (carotid tubercle). CCA can be compressed against the carotid tubercle. | anterior tubercle of the transverse process of C6 |
| The ECA begins opposite the superior border of the thyroid cartilage at the level between the __ and __ cervical vertebrae. | 3rd, 4th |
| The branches of the ECA arise in the following order: | Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Posterior auricular, Superficial temporal, Maxillary |
| meningeal br. —> passes through foramen lacerum to dura: is a branch from what artery? | Ascending Pharyngeal Artery |
| ____ artery - smallest br. of ECA, off its posterior surface —> pharyngeal mm., palatine tonsil, prevertebral mm., tympanic cavity, dura | Ascending Pharyngeal |
| _____ artery - ascends deep to digastric tendon and hyoglossus m. —> principal supply to tongue and floor of the mouth; also supplies palatine tonsil | Lingual |
| ____ artery - cervical course carries it close to pharynx where it is the principal blood supply to palatine tonsil, crosses the mandible to ascend lateral to the angle of the mouth alongside the nose and terminates as the angular artery. | Facial |
| ___ artery —> facial mm. & tissues, submandibular gland & soft palate | Facial |
| What are the two cervical br, of the Facial artery? | tonsillar a., submental a. |
| What are the 4 facial br. of the facial artery? | inferior labial a., superior labial a., lateral nasal a., angular a. |
| _______ artery - from posterior surface of ECA; closely related to hypoglossal nerve near its proximal part —> back of scalp | Occipital |
| Occipital a. - ____ br. —> runs caudal in posterior neck; important in helping to establish collateral circulation in event of an occlusion of common carotid or subclavian arteries by anastomosing w/ vertebral a., costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk | descending |
| Posterior Auricular Artery: from _________ surface of ECA | posterior |
| _____ artery - the smaller of the two terminal branches of the ECA; begins in the substance of the parotid gland —>TM joint, masseter, temporalis, parotid, scalp, etc. | Superficial Temporal |
| ________ artery - transverse facial a. (branch)—> parotid gland, masseter, skin | Superficial Temporal |
| Maxillary Artery - Mandibular portion - two branches are? | Inferior alveolar a. —> enters mandibular canal to supply teeth of mandible, has mental & incisor branches. Middle meningeal a. —> via foramen spinosum to dura |
| Maxillary Artery - Pterygopalatine portion - what are the 5 important branches? | posterior superior alveolar a., infraorbital a., greater palatine a., lesser palatine a., sphenopalatine a. |
| IJV - Begins at the _________ as the continuation of the sigmoid dural venous sinus. The two IJVs drain blood from the majority of the head and neck. | jugular foramen |
| The ______ is the upper dilated portion of the IJV which may project into the floor of the _____. As it descends in carotid sheath it lies first posterior then lateral to internal carotid a. & vagus n. IJV travels deep to the ____. | superior jugular bulb, tympanic cavity, SCM |
| Just before the IJV terminates, it joins the subclavian to form the ________ vein, it often shows a second dilation, the inferior jugular bulb. | brachiocephalic |
| List 5 tributaries of the IJV? | a. inferior petrosal sinus b. pharyngeal veins c. common facial vein d. lingual vein e. superior and middle thyroid veins |
| The EJV arises within the parotid gland by union of posterior auricular vein & a portion of retromandibular v., travels inferiorly. As it travels downward, it is superficial to the SCM & is accompanied in part of its course by the ___________ | great auricular nerve. |
| the EJV terminates in the _______ (a triangle formed by the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, anterior edge of trapezius, and clavicle) by joining the subclavian or internal jugular vein. | posterior cervical triangle, |
| External Jugular Vein - 3 tributaries? | a. transverse cervical v. b. suprascapular v. c. anterior jugular v. |
| __ - Begins in suprahyoid region, descends on surface of supra & infrahyoid m. Just above sternum, AJV joins contralateral AJV via a _____. | AJV, jugular venous arch. -After uniting across the midline, each AJV curves laterally to empty into the terminal part of the external jugular or subclavian w. |
| veins of face: _____ vein is formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins. The retromandibular vein ends by draining into the external jugular v. and common facial vein. | retromandibular |
| AJV: ____ - These veins occupy channels within the diploe of the cranial bones. They communicate with meningeal veins, pericranial veins, and sinuses of the dura mater. | Diploic veins |
| AJV: _________ veins- Begin in dura mater and communicate with the superior sagittal sinus and other cranial sinuses. | meningeal |
| AJV: VEINS OF BRAIN: - Correspond to cerebral and cerebellar veins.—> drain into __________? | dural venous sinuses |
| AJV: ______ VEINS:- Pass through various foramina and openings in the cranial wall and establish anastomoses between the sinuses of the dura inside the skull and veins on exterior of skull. | emissary |
| ______: from lower border of cricoid to bronchi (4 - 5 inches long, ~1 inch in diameter), passes through superior and posterior mediastinae | Trachea |
| Trachea: in neck: anteriorly: ______, ______, _______, _______? | sternohyoid & sternothyroid, isthmus of thyroid gland (in front of 2nd & 3rd rings), thyroidea ima artery (if present, ~10% of cases) |
| Trachea: in neck:: ______ : esophagus | posteriorly |
| Trachea: in neck: ______: lobes of thyroid gland (down as far as 5th or 6th tracheal ring), carotid aa., recurrent laryngeal nn. | laterally |
| Trachea: in thorax: __________: remains of thymus, left brachiocephalic v., origins of brachiocephalic trunk & left common carotid a., arch of aorta, & thyroidea ima artery (if present, ~10% of cases) | anteriorly |
| Trachea: in thorax: right side: ______, ______, _______, ______, ______? | pleura, right vagus, right brachiocephalic v, superior vena cava, & root of azygos v. |
| Trachea: on thorax: _______: left recurrent laryngeal n., arch of aorta, left common carotid a., & left subclavian a. | left side |
| Trachea bifurcates into right and left primary bronchi at sternal angle (____ disk level) | T4/5 |
| ______ = a modified tracheal ring helping to support bifurcation | Carina |
| Arch of aorta pushes tracheal bifurcation slightly to ____ as it loops over the left primary bronchus | right |
| Primary bronchi enter lungs at ____? | hilus |
| _____ bronchi one to each lung —> _______ bronchi (LOBAR) one to each lobe —> ________ bronchi (SEGMENTAL) one to each bronchopulmonary segment; R=10, L=8-10 —> bronchioles <1 mm. diameter, NO cartilage | Primary, sceondary, tertiary |
| Primary (extrapulmonary) bronchi: _____ = shorter, wider, & more vertical than _____ | right, left |
| ____ : potential space between parietal & visceral (pulmonary) pleura - contains pleural fluid | pleural cavity |
| ________= reflections of parietal pleura which provide for expansion of lungs during inspiration. | pleural recesses |
| _________ (costophrenic): circumferential (horizontal) in angle between thoracic wall & diaphragm | costodiaphragmatic |
| ____________ : vertical, posterior to sternum, between thoracic wall & mediastinum | costomediastinal |
| _____ ligament: : located below hilus & root of lung, represents reflection of mediastinal parietal pleura onto the lung | pulmonary |
| lungs: APEX: superior part projects through thoracic inlet ~1" above ______? | clavicle |
| lungs: ______ = parietal pleura extending over apex of lung (means dome cup-shaped) | cupula |
| Base of the lungs lies on the _____? | diaphragm |
| Lungs: landmarks on medial surface: RIGHT lung: ? | a.cardiac impression b. grooves for: - superior vena cava - right brachiocephalic vein - right subclavian artery - azygos vein - esophagus - inferior vena cava c. hilum & pulmonary ligament |
| Lings: landmarks on medial surface: LEFT lung: ? | a. cardiac impression with cardiac notch b. grooves for: - arch of aorta - descending aorta - left subclavian artery - left brachiocephalic vein - esophagus c. hilum & pulmonary ligament |
| List the 3 lung surfaces? | costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic |
| Right lung lobes: ? | superior, middle, inferior |
| Left lung lobes: ? | Superior, inferior |
| Right lung fissures? | oblique, horizontal |
| Left lung fissures: ? | oblique |
| ______ of left lung: is formed by anteroinferior part of superior lobe = homologue of middle lobe of right lung | Lingula |
| _______ - collectively, the structures which pass through the hilus (but not the hilus itself) = bronchi, vessels, nerves, & lymphatics | Root of the lung |
| _______ : that portion of a lung supplied with air from a tertiary (segmental) bronchus & its subsequent branches - Right lung =10 - Left lung = 8 - 10, depending on reference | Bronchopulmonary segment |
| RESPIRATORY DIAPHRAGM: ________ Portion: arises from xiphoid process & adjacent aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle | sternal |
| RESPIRATORY DIAPHRAGM: _____ Portion: from cartilage & bony surfaces of ribs 7 - 12 | costal |
| Respiratory Diaphragm: _____ Portion: arises from vertebral column as left & right crura, crura united superiorly by _____, aortic hiatus lies between crura. Arises from fascial thickenings, lateral arcuate lig.- _____, - medial arcuate ligament- _____? | Lumbar ,median arcuate lig.,over quadratus lumborum, over psoas major |
| Respiratory diaphragm: ______ PORTION = central tendon The central tendon is the point of insertion for the various peripheral muscles mentioned above. | tendinous |
| MAJOR APERTURES IN DIAPHRAGM: __ = hiatus for inferior vena cava; terminal brs. of R. phrenic n. | T8 |
| MAJOR APERTURES IN DIAPHRAGM: ___ = esophageal hiatus; R. & L. vagus nn. | T10 |
| MAJOR APERTURES IN DIAPHRAGM: . ___ = aortic hiatus; thoracic duct, azygos vein sometimes (most often the azygos vein passes through the right crus of the diaphragm) | T12 |
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Hyekuik