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AP Psychology Unit13
Unit Test Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychotherapy | The process of treating psychological disorders and mental distress |
| Pscyhotherapist | A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome a psychological disorder or mental distress |
| Psychotherapy Example Systematic Desenitization | A behavioral technique whereby a person is gradually exposed to an anxiety-producing object, event, or place while being engaged in some type of relaxation at the same time in order to reduce the symptoms of anxiety |
| Biomedical Therapies | Mental health therapies that involve prescribed drugs or other procedures that act directly on a patient's nervous system |
| Biomedical Therapies Example | Schizophrenia is a disorder that is treated with this |
| Eclectic Approach | A therapy approach that uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic approaches |
| Eclectic Approach Example | A therapist often uses Systematic Desenitization. She also considers Active Listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free association |
| Psychotherapy Integration | Therapists who seek to combine intervention strategies into a single coherent treatment system |
| First Psychological Therapy | Was introduced by Sigmund Freud |
| Psychoanalysis | Helps people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorder. Psychoanalysts try to understand an adult's psychological disorder by exploring childhood experiences |
| Psychoanalysis Example | Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents |
| Psychoanalytic Techniques are designed | To help patients become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses |
| Free Association | Introduced by Sigmund Freud, it involves the uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind |
| Free Association Example | After reporting a car accident, your therapist tells you close your eyes and verbalize any thoughts simulated by this experience, even if scary or embarassing |
| Resistance | Refers to the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy. A patient's hesitation to free associate is most likely due to this. It supports and maintains the process of repression |
| Resistance Example | During psychotherapy, you begin to stutter whenever you begin to discuss personally sensitive thoughts |
| The interpretation of Dreams | Is closely associated with psychoanalysis |
| Psychoanalytic interpretation | Is designed to promote insight |
| To understand his patients' repressed conflicts | Freud sought to identify the latent content of their dreams |
| Transference | Refers to a client's expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier life relationships. Psychoanalysts view it to be helpful in the process of therapy. Psychoanalysts attend to positive and negative feelings toward their patients |
| Transference Example | Lynn has begun to buy small gifts for her therapist and she feels extremely jealous of the time he spends with his other patients |
| Psychoanalysis is criticized | for offering interpretations that cannot be proven or disproven, and for being expensive and time consuming |
| Psychodynamic Therapy Part One | A therapy approach that tries to understand patients' current symptoms by focusing on interpersonal relationships |
| Psychodynamic Therapy Part Two | Helps patients gain awareness of their unconscious conflicts and defensive behaviors by suggesting interpretive insights regarding patients' difficulties. Is briefer that traditional psychoanalysis |
| Psychodynamic Therapy Example | Nate past relationships with his mother, his former wife, and his previous employer have been followed with patterns of resentment and emotional detachment. To help Nate why this occurs would be the goal of this |
| Interpersonal Psychotherapy | A variation on psychodynamic therapy, it helps people to improve their relationship skills. Effectively treats depression in that it teaches depressed patients how to resolve disagreements with their friends |
| Humanistic Therapy Part One | Emphasizes the importance of self awareness for psychological adjustment. Instead of finding a cure it looks to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment |
| Humanistic Therapy Part Two | Teach clients to take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions. It is an insight therapy which aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing patients' awareness of their own motives and defenses |
| Client-Centered Therapy | A nondirective therapeutic approach that relies heavily on patients' discovering their own ways of effectively dealing with their difficulties |
| Carl Rogers | Developed Client-Centered Therapy |
| Goals of Client-Centered Therapy | Is emphatic understanding of the patient's subjective experiences. Therapists are encouraged to express their own true feelings during the process of therapy. Important feature is active listening |
| Client Therapy Example | During a marriage counselling session, the therapist suggests to Mr. and Ms. Gallo that they each restate their spouse's comments before making their own |
| Unconditioned Positive Regard | A caring, nonjudmental attitude. Client-centered therapy emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional acceptance |
| Behavior Therapy Part One | Therapy is concerned with reinforcing desirable behaviors and eliminating unwanted or maladaptive ones. Principles of learning such classical/operational influence behavior therapy. |
| Behavior Therapy Part Two | Old learning led to the development of a problem, new learning can fix it. Action based, not rooted in providing special insights into the personality of the client |
| Behavior Therapy Example | Cindy suggests nail biting might be a unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapy indicates that it is not that, but its nail biting |
| Classical Conditioning Therapies | Maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be conditioned responses |
| Classical Conditioning Therapies Example | In one treatment for bed-wetting, the child sleeps on a liquid-sensitive pad that when wet triggers an alarm and awakens the child |
| Counterconditioning | A procedure that trains people to make new responses to stimuli that currently trigger unwanted responses. Developed by Ivan Pavlov. Techniques for replacing unwanted responses include aversive conditioning and exposure therapy |
| Counterconditioning Example | Benny's mother tries to reduce his fear of sailing by giving him his favorite candy as soon as they board the boat. |
| Exposure Therapies | Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid |
| Exposure Therapies Example | In 1924, Mary Cover Jones reported that 3-year-old Peter lost his fear of rabbits when a rabbit was repeatedly presented while Peter was eating a tasty snack |
| Joseph Wolpe | Refined Mary Cover Jones counter-conditioning technique and developed Systematic Desensitization. |
| Systematic Desensitization | Involves associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety arousing stimuli. Based on the idea that relaxation facilitates the elimination of fear. With this the therapist constructs a therapy hierarchy replace fearful with relaxation response. |
| Progressive Relaxation | Systematic Desensitization uses this, it is relaxing one muscle group after another until one achieves completely relaxed state of comfort. |
| Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy | A form of exposure therapy that is effective in the treatment of phobias |
| Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Example | Behavior therapists use virtual reality exposure therapy to help people overcome a fear of flying |
| Aversive Conditioning | Involves associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences. Replace positive response with a negative response. Clients' awareness of aversive conditioning limits effectiveness of this therapy |
| Aversive Conditioning Example | In treating alcohol dependency, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. Treat nail biting with a bitter tasting nail polish. |
| Behavior Modification | Patients actions are influenced by the controlling consequences of those actions. The practice of this is on the principle of operant conditioning. Therapists practice this by reinforcing closer till desired behaviors and withholding for negative behavior |
| Behavior Modification Example | Praising socially withdrawn children when they have eye contact with others and ignoring them after a temper tantrum |
| Token Economy Part One | Clients earn tokens that can exchanged for special privileges or desired items. Suggested that institutionalized patients can wean token economy to real life situations. Argue that maintaining positive rewards is more humane than relying on punishment |
| Token Economy Part Two | Critics argue that token economies underimine human freedom and reduce people to puppets controlled by therapists. |
| Token Economy Example | Is helpful for encouraging adults with intellectual disability to make their beds every morning |
| Cognitive Therapies | Emphasize that people are often disturbed of their negative interpretations of events. Cognitive therapists emphasize the emotional disturbances result from self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events |
| Cognitive Therapies Example | Peter is depressed because he thinks his teacher's study suggestions mean he's going to fail her course. He would benefit from this |
| Aaron Beck | Developed a cognitive therapy for depression. Originally trained in Freduian techniques |
| Techniques of Aaron Beck | Uses gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. Persuades patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures. Encourage them stop blaming themselves for negative circumstances. |
| Stress Inoculation Training | Focuses on helping people to replace negative self-talk with more positive comments |
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy | An integrated therapy that aims to modify both self-defeating thinking and maladaptive actions. |
| Study of Cognitive Behavior Therapy | People were taught to attribute their compulsive urges to abnormal brain functioning. Instead of giving into an urge, they participated in an alternative activity that engaged other parts of the brain |
| Coginitve Behavior Therapy Example | Melanie's therapist suggest that when she feels anxious, Melanie should attribute her arousal to her highly reactive nervous system and shift her attention to reading with her child |
| Family Therapy | Emphasizes the importance of examining a person's role within a social system. The belief that no person is an island is a fundamental assumption of family therapy. |
| Family Therapy Example | To help Mrs. Otsuki lose weight, her therapist first attempted to assess whether her weight loss might be personally threatening to her husband. |
| Group Therapy | Encourages clients to improve their communication skills. It is more effective than individual therapy for enabling people to discover that other have the similar problems to their own. Most self-help and support groups focus on stigmatized illnesses |
| Group Therapy Example | Many self-help groups have emulated the use of a 12-step program by Alcoholics Anonymous |
| Client's Perceptions | Since people enter psychotherapy during a period of life crisis, they tend to overestimate the effectiveness of therapy. Satisfy motivation for self-justification; they often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste money on therapy |
| Client's Perceptions Research | On the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy |
| Client's Perceptions Example | In a experiment with potential delinquent boys were assigned to a 5 year treatment that had professional counselling and family assistance. Years after the experiment it was discovered the results were often misleading and overly positive |
| Therapists Overestimate | The effectiveness of psychotherapy because they keep in touch with clients that are satisfied with the treatment they received |
| Therapists Perceptions Misleading | Clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy. |
| Placebo Effect | The beneficial consequence of a person's expecting that a treatment will be therapeutic |
| Regression Toward the Mean | Refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events. This phenomenon contributes to inflated perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy. |
| Regression Toward the Mean | Unusual ESP subjects who defy chance when first tested nearly always "psychic powers" when retested |
| Hans Eysenck | In 1950s, he challenged the effectiveness of psychotherapy because it appeared to be no more beneficial than no treatment at all |
| Randomized Clinical Trials | Compare treatment groups with control groups. The best psychotherapy outcome studies are randomized clinical trials |
| Meta-Analysis | Refers to procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies. The most convincing evidence for the effectiveness of psychotherapy come from this of psycho therapeutic outcome studies |
| The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies | Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that no single form of therapy consistently superior to the others. Research shows clients satisfaction is unrelated to the level of training and experience of their therapist |
| Cognitive Therapy Effectiveness | In coping with depression and reducing suicide risk |
| Facilitated Communication Effectiveness | Is a scientifically unsupported treatment approach and should be avioded |
| Energy Therapies | Have received little or no scientific support |
| Evidence Based Practice | Is clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and an understanding of patient characterstics |
| EMDR Part One | Rapidly moving one's eyes while recalling traumatic experiences, was originally developed for anxiety, similar to systematic desensitization. |
| EMDR Part Two | Controlled research studies indicate that the value of this is due to the effectiveness of exposure therapy. The placebo effect contributes to inflated estimates of the value of this |
| EMDR Example | Kammy vividly imagines being abused by her partner while therapist triggers eye movements by waving a finger in front of her eyes |
| Light Exposure Therapies | Sparks activity in a brain region that influences the body's arousal. It was developed to relieve symptoms of depression. This has been provided relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder |
| Commonalities Among Psychotherapies Part One | Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are: Hope (best illustrated by the placebo effect), A new perspective, and A caring relationship |
| Commonalities Among Psychotherapies Part Two | A common ingredient underlying the success of diverse psychotherapies is the client's expectation that psychotherapy will make things better |
| Therapeutic Alliance | By earning a client's trust, empathic and caring therapists promote this |
| Culture and Values in Psychotherapy Part One | Immigrants from Asia would most likely experience difficulty as clients of American psychotherapists who emphasize the value of individualism. |
| Culture and Values in Psychotherapy Part Two | Found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates the therapeutic alliance |
| Culture and Values in Psychotherapy Part Three | Therapy outcomes studies indicate that highly religious people may prefer and benefit from therapists with similar religious beliefs. Psychologists' personal values influences their practice of therapy |
| Professionals outside the field of psychology | Are prepared to offer psychotherapy in the process of completing a graduate program in social work |
| Clinical Psychologist | Receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology. Expertise in research, the assessment of psychological disorders, and the practice of psychotherapy. |
| Psychiatrist | A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders. Can prescribe drugs for the treatment of psychological disorders. |
| Drug Therapies | Bio medical treatments used to treat psychological disorder that result from chemical abnormalities. It is most directly to decline of patients in U.S. mental hospital |
| Psychopharmacology | Involves the study of how drugs affect mind and behavior |
| Double Blind Procedure | A procedure in which neither patient nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving a drug or a placebo. Allows researchers to which extent drug therapy outcomes are attributable to the placebo effect |
| Double Blind Procedure Example | Dr. Volz is a researcher who wants to distinguish between the direct effect of new antianxiety medication and effects arising from expectations of the drug's effectiveness |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | Have proved helpful in the treatment of schizophrenia. They produce therapeutic effects by blocking receptor sites for dopamine |
| Thorzaine | A drug that has provided the most help to schizophrenia patients experiencing auditory hallucinations and paranoia |
| Chlorpromazine | A drug that dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli in schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms |
| Clozaril | A drug that helps patients exhibiting negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as apathy and withdrawal. It targets both dopamine and serotonin receptors |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | A condition that is the result of long-term use of certain anti-psychotic drugs. It can produce involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. Associated with long-term use of drugs that occupy dopamine receptor sites |
| Antianxiety Drugs | Are designed to depress central nervous system activity |
| Xanax | An antianxiety drug. Prescribed in order to help overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and an inability to relax. Also an antidepressant drug |
| Ativan | An antianxiety drug. Prescribed in order to help client overcome fears |
| D-Cycloserine | An antianxiety drug. Prescribed to enhance the benefits of exposure therapy and helps relieve the symptoms of PTSD and OCD |
| Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) | Are prescribed to patients with depression and anxiety disorders. Prescrived to elevate mood and arousal |
| Prozac | An antidepressant drug. A drug that partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses |
| Zoloft | An antidepressant drug |
| Dual Action Drugs Part One | Antidepressants that block reuptake or breakdown of both serotonin and another neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine and serontonin |
| Dual Action Drugs Part Two | One possible explanation for the delayed effect of antidepressant drugs is that increased availability of serotonin promotes neurogenesis |
| Good alternative for Antidepressant Drugs | Is Aerobic Exercise |
| Antidepressant drugs work | Bottom-up on the emotion-forming limbic system |
| Spontaneous Recovery | A natural return to state of psychological health following an extended period of depression illustrates this |
| Inflated estimates of the value of antidepressant drugs | Are in large part due to the fact the patient recovery often results from the placebo effect |
| Lithium | An effective mood-stabilizing drug. It has been found to be especially effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder |
| Depakote | An drug originally used to treat epilepsy that has more recently been found effective in control of manic episodes |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy | An effective treatment for depression. The procedure can result in a loss of memory and seizures |
| Chest Implant | That intermittently stimulates the vagus nerve has been used to treat some patients with chronic depression |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | A neurostimulation therapy that shows promise in the treatment of depression. rTMS provides some of the benefits of ECT without losing memory or seizures. |
| Explanation for the effectiveness of rTMS | Is that it may reduce depression by triggering the long-term potentiation of front lobe nerve cells |
| rTMS | uses a magnetic pulse to stimulate brain cells that control mood, short pulses are focused at the limbic system structures which controls emotional and behavioral patterns. The pulse trigger electrical charges which causes neurons to be active |
| Deep-Brain Stimulation | Using implanted electrodes to inhibit activity in an area of the cortex that triggers negative emotions. Has been reported to provide relief from depression. |
| Lobotomy Part One | Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the brain. Doctors insert a medical instrument through each eye socket. |
| Lobotomy Part Two | Were designed to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. Resulted in patients becoming permanently lethargic. Are not used today |
| Pscychosurgery is the least | used biomedical intervention for changing behavior |
| MRI-guided precision surgery | Is occasionally done to cut the brain circuits involved in severe cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| Cingulotomy | Probes inserted to destory a spot in Cingulate Gryus, to disrupt a circuit that connects the emotional and conscious planning centers of the brain |
| Capsulotomy | Probes are inserted deep into the brain and heated to destroy part of the anterior capsule, to disrupt a circuit thought to be overactive in people with severe O.C.D. |
| Gamma Knife Surgery | An M.R.I. like device focuses hundreds of small beams of radiation at a point within the brain, destroying small areas of tissue |
| Stephen Ilardi | In promoting a therapeutic lifestyle change, note that human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement. |
| Important Components of Therapeutic Lifestyle Change | Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement |
| Resilience | Are personal strengths that help people cope with stress |
| Assumptions that underlie drug therapy | Are that psychological disorders result largely from stressful social situations rather than from disturbances within the individual personality |
| Preventative Mental Health | Is based on the assumption that psychological disorder result from stressful social situations |
| Preventative Mental Health would attempt to minimize psychological disorders by | Reducing child abuse, deducing illiteracy, establishing poverty alleviation programs |
| Preventing Psychological Disorder Example | Bolstering parents' and teachers' skills at nurturing children's achievement and resulting self-esteem best illustrates preventative mental health. |
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