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Chemistry Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is mutation? | A change in nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| What are the 3 types of mutataion? | Missense, Nonsense, and Silent |
| What is biotechnology? | transfers DNA from one organism to another; used to produce pharmaceuticals |
| What is metabolism? | the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism |
| What is the role of ATP in metabolism? | to drive the chemical; gives anabolism energy |
| What is nutrition? | the science of diet and health |
| What are the 3 key concepts of nutrition? | Adequate: enough Moderate: limit unhealthy components Balance/Variety: various foods and amounts |
| What are the 5 basic food groups? | grains, vegetables, fruits, milks, and meat & beans |
| What is the difference between simple carbs and complex carbs? | Simple: monosacharides and polysacharides Complex: dissacharides |
| What is a dietary fiber? | part of the food that cannot be digested by human enzymes |
| What is the glycemic index? | the rate at which the carbs are processed into glucose |
| What percent of the diet should consist of carbs? | 45-65% |
| What's the main function of the dietary proteins? | to provide amino acids necessary to make new proteins |
| What toxic compound is associated with the breakdown of excess amino acids? | |
| What is an essential amino acid? | An amino acid that cannot be made by the body. |
| What is an example of an amino acid? | Valine, Lysine, Arginine |
| What is a complete protein? | A protein that contains all essential amino acids in the required proportions |
| What source of proteins tend to be complete? | animal proteins |
| Why should vegetarians eat a wide variety of plant proteins? | most plant proteins are NOT complete so they require more |
| What percent of the diet should consist of proteins? | 10-30% |
| What are the 2 main classes of dietary lipids? | fats and oils |
| What is a lipoprotein and its function? | a combination of lipids and proteins; transport steroids in lipoproteins |
| What is the role of LDL? | LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to other tissues |
| What is the role of HDL? | HDL transports cholesterol to the liver where it then gets rid of LDL; lowering cholesterol |
| What is the dietary role of triglycerides? | |
| Where are triglycerides stored? | in the fat cells |
| What is olestra? | A synthetic cooking oil used as a calorie-free substitute ini foods |
| What are side effects of olestra? | Diarrhea and anal leakage |
| What are the good fats? | Unsaturated fats & essential fatty acids |
| What is an essential fatty acid? | acids that the body cannot synthesize; lenoleic & lenolenic |
| What percent of the diet should consist of lipids? | 20-35% |
| What are the dietary requirements of water? | Water makes up 60% of the total body mass |
| What are the functions of water? | regulates body temp helps with digestion lubrication |
| What is a vitamin? | organic molecules required in minute amounts for life processes |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | Vitamins A, D, E, K |
| What role does these vitamins play? | A- Vision D- Calcium absorption E-Antioxidants K- Blood clotting |
| What vitamin is referred to as the sunshine vitamin? | Vitamin D |
| What birth defect is associated with a deficiency of folic acid? | low birth weight & neural tube defects |
| What is the definition of a mineral in terms of diet? | those elements needed for good health (Excludes H,N,O) |
| What is the FDA? | Food & Drug Administration |
| What responsibilities does the FDA have? | inspects food & food processing facilities to ensure safety |
| What is a food additive? | sugar we digest and fibers we cannot |
| What is the GRAS list? | chemicals/ substances added to food & considered safe by experts so its exempted from the food additive list |
| What is a transgenic crop or genetically modified food? | a crop altered by genetic engineering |
| What was the first genetic crop and when was it created? | Flavr Slavs tomato 1994 |
| What are the 3 categories of energy that the human body uses? | Basal Metabolism Physical Activity Thermogenesis |
| What is Basal Metabolism? | energy released to sustain life processes >breathing, circulation, nerves, & body temp |
| What is Physical Activity? | energy used to do voluntary activities >walking & running |
| What is Thermogenesis? | increased release of heat after consuming a meal |
Created by:
bpruitt
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