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AP Psychology Unit12
Unit Test Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Deviant | Ongoing patterns of behavior that are different from those of most other people in your culture |
| Distressful | Socially unusual behavior that is personally distressful |
| Dysfunctional | Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life |
| Dysfunctional Example | Alexis is socially withdrawn and has a few close friends. This behavior would be diagnosed as a symptom of a psychological disorder because it prevents her from functioning effectively |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | A disorder characterized by inattention, distractability, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Individuals with this experience a normal but delayed thinning of the frontal cerebral cortex. Brain maturation is normal, but lags behind peers 3 years behind |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Example | Larry has difficulty organizing his daily schedule of work responsibilities. He often makes careless mistakes or fails to complete his work because of his distractability |
| Psychological Disorder explained in terms of demonic possessions | These explanations led to some harsh and ineffective remedial treatments |
| Trepanation | Involves drilling holes in the skull to release demonic spirits |
| Medical Model Part One | Conception that psychological disorders as biologically based sickness that need to be diagnosed and cured. The discovery that psychological disordered can derive from syphilis led to the acceptance of this |
| Medical Model Part Two | It is criticized for neglecting the importance of social circumstances and psychological factors |
| Medical Model Example | It is helpful using a biopsychosocial approach for explaining why certain disorders occur in particular cultures. This has difficulty explaining why anorexia happens in Western cultures mainly |
| DSM-IV-TR Part One | Developed in coordination with the tenth edition of the ICD, used to order to identify various psychological disorders. Clinicians diagnose disorders by answering questions from five levels of the this. Bases diagnoses on observable behavior. |
| DSM-IV-TR Part Two | Does not explain cause |
| DSM-IV-TR Example | Criticized for classifying an excessively broad range of human behaviors as psychologically disordered. |
| The UN-DSM (Positive Psychology) | One facet has been the introduction of a classification system designed to aid in process of assessing human strengths. |
| The Values in Action Classification of Strengths by Christoper Peterson and Martin Seligman | Aims to catalog human strengths rather than describe dysfunctions |
| Diagnostic Labels Part One | The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms |
| Diagnostic Labels Part Two | A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often bias our perceptions of the labeled person |
| Diagnostic Labels Example | Can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. If individuals expect someone as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility |
| In a study by David Rosehan (1973) | Researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be "hearing voices" |
| Anxiety Disorders | Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear. Anxiety is considered disordered if it is persistent and distressing |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | A disorder characterized by a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal. Accompanied by depression. Freud suggested those suffering from GAD, the anxiety is cyclical |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder Example | You feel apprehensive and fearful most of the time, but you don't know why. Without warning, your heart begins to pound, your hands get icy, you break into a cold sweat. |
| Panic Disorder | Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or heart palpitations. Associated with anxiety disorders |
| Panic Disorder Example | While studying, you are suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes, you feel so agitated that you cannot catch your breath |
| Phobias | A persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety producing situation is indicative of certain phobias. |
| Phobias Example | An immediate and irrational anxiety response to the mere sight of blood is indicative of a specific of this |
| Social Phobia | An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others |
| Social Phobia Example | You are extremely shy and are so easily embarrassed when you are with other people that you often miss classes just to avoid social interactions |
| Agoraphobia | Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult. A person who has this is most likely to stay home. |
| Agoraphobia Example | After Charles Darwin began suffering from panic disorder, he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Example | The billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate hand-washing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch |
| Compulsions | Repetitive Behaviors |
| Compulsions Example | You brush your teeth 18 times a day. Each time, you use exactly 83 strokes up and down. After you eat, you must brush twice with the two different brands of toothpaste |
| Obsessions | Offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person |
| Obsessions Example | You are alarmed by your own intrusive and irrational thoughts that your house is contaminated by germs |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Part One | Repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life threatening experience, considered to be an anxiety disorder, |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Part Two | Some are more vulnerable to PTSD because they have a sensitive limbic system with floods the body with stress hormones, due partly to a broader definition of trauma, metal professionals are over diagnosing PTSD |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Example | The social withdrawal and haunting nightmares of battle scarred war veterans best illustrates symptoms of PTSD |
| Post-Traumatic Growth | Positive psychological changes that result from struggling with extremely challenging life crises. Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it also likely to lead to increased personal strength and resiliency |
| Post-Traumatic Growth Example | Cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and savor the joy of each new day illustrate this |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective | Anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses |
| Learning Perspective | Argues that anxiety disorders are the result of classical conditioning and observational learning. |
| Learning Perspective & Anxiety | Individuals may make present day associations with past traumatic experiences, may engage in stimulus generalization and come to fear things related to the past traumatic event, may develop fears by observing others' fearful responses |
| Learning Theorists | Suggest that compulsive behaviors are reinforced by anxiety reduction |
| Learning Perspective Example | A therapist suggests that you continue to bite your fingernails because this behavior reduces feelings of anxiety in the past |
| Biological Perspective | Argues it is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threaten our ancestors, suggests compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to the survival of humans |
| Research on Anxiety Disorders | Indicates that some people are more genetically predisposed than others to develop anxiety disorders |
| Some studies suggest that an anxiety gene | Affects the brain level of the neurotransmitter serotonin |
| Anterior Cingulate Cortex | A brain region that monitors our actions, seems hyperactive in those with obsessive compulsive disorder |
| Fear-Learning Experiences | Can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the amygdala |
| Somatoform Disorder | A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical cause |
| Somatoform Disorder Example | You frequently feel like you have a lump in your throat which makes it difficult to speak or swallow. Medical examinations indicate there is no apparent physical cause for these symptoms |
| Conversion Disorder | A disorder characterized by very specific physical symptoms that have no apparent physiological basis. Conversion disorder was more common in Freud's day |
| Conversion Disorder Example | Experiencing physical symptoms, such as blindness or paralysis that make no physiological sense |
| Hypochondriasis | A disorder characterized by the misinterpretation of normal physical sensations as symptoms of a dreaded cause |
| Hypochondriasis Example | You are convinced that your occasional headaches are caused by a malignant brain tumour. Although physicians assured there is no serious problem, you still seek to relieve your brain tumor |
| Dissociative Disorder | Disorders that are characterized by disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity. The major characteristic of dissociative is a disturbance of memory. |
| Dissociative Disorder Example | A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of dissociation. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | A disorder characterized by a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness. Exhibiting two or more distinct and alternating personalities is a symptom of this |
| Nicholas Spanos | Question whether Dissociative Identity Disorder is a genuine disorder. Evidence against the existence of DID rules out the contribution of dissociation to symptoms |
| Evidence includes | Information learned by the secondary personality influences the moods and behaviors of the primary personality. The same life memories are experienced by all personalities. |
| The dramatic increase in reported cases of dissociative identity disorder during the past 40 years | Strongly suggests that symptoms of this disorder include role-playing. Evidence that symptoms of this are triggered by questions of therapists points to the importance of role-playing in the onset of this disorder |
| Dissociative Identiy Disorder Role-Playing Example | College students were asked to pretend that they were accused murders. Under hypnosis, they typically expressed a second personality when promoted to do so by the examining psychiatrist |
| Evidence against Dissociative Identity Disorder | Is provided by the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. The biological perspective does not explain the dramatic increase in reported cases of this in the last 40 years |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective | Suggests that the desperate efforts of traumatized victims to detach themselves from the experience of severe and prolonged abuse may contribute to DID. |
| Evidence on DID Patients | They have suffered abuse as children leads some psychologists to include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of PTSD |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective Example | Your therapist suggests that you developed DID in order to misbehave without feeling a strong sense of personal shame |
| Mood Disorders | Disorders that are characterized by emotional extremes |
| Major Depressive Disorder | Characterized by feelings of personal worthlessness, said to occur when depression last 2 weeks or longer, experience of inhibits risk-taking and aggression. |
| Evolutionary Perspective on Major Depressive Disorder | The evolutionary perspective emphasizes that normal depression serves an adaptive function by slowing people down and preventing them for engaging in life-threatening behaviors |
| Number one reason why people seek mental health services | Is for Depression |
| Depression is considered the "common cold" of psychological disorders | because it is so pervasive |
| Symptoms of Depression Include | Lethargy, Frequent Sleeping, Difficulty Participating in Daily Activities (e.g. avoiding meals or getting dressed), Negative Self-Talk, Feelings of Worthlessness |
| Bipolar Disorder | A disorder in which people alternate between states of lethargic hopelessness and unrealistic optimism. From 1994-2003 adolescents with strong mood swings were diagnosed with this |
| Mania | A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic |
| Mania Example | George Frideric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense, creative energy. He suffered from mild bipolar disorder |
| Risk of Suicide the greatest | when people rebound from repression |
| Compared with those who suffer no disorder | Those who abuse alcohol have a higher risk of committing suicide |
| Compared with the general population | Those who have been depressed have a higher risk of committing suicide |
| Of those who talk about suicide | most actually attempt suicide |
| Of those who attempt suicide | only a few succeed in completing the act |
| Compared with men | women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from depression |
| Gender differences in depression is least noticeable | among preschool children |
| Stress life events (like the loss of a job) | Are most likely to increase one's risk of depression |
| Research regarding depression indicates that with each new generation | depression is increasing in its prevalence |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective Depression | Is a reaction to loss and the internalization of anger |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective Depression Example | Laura's husband died three years ago, but she still is depressed. Her therapists suggests that she is really angry at her husband for abandoning her |
| To identify genes that put people at risk for depression | Researchers have used linkage analysis |
| Linkage analysis | A study that aims to study linkage between genes |
| Severely depressed individuals show reduced brain activity | in the left frontal lobe |
| In terms of neurotransmitter levels | Depression is associate with low norepinephrine and serotonin levels |
| Drugs that alleviate mania | tend to reduce levels of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine |
| The Social-Cognitive Perspective on Depression | Perpetuated by self blaming attributions and increased expectations of negative outcomes. |
| Indicative of Pessimism | Internal, stable, and global explanations of one's own failures |
| Learned Helplessness | Is closely associated with depression |
| A difficulty with attribution explanations of depression | Is that negative attributions may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression |
| Social-Cognitive Perspective Example | Therapist believes you are depressed because you take too little credit for your many achievements and assume too much responsibility for you few failures |
| Women are more vulnerable to depression then men | Because they are more likely to sense a lack of personal control over their lives |
| Women are at greater risk of repression than men | They are more likely to overthink in response to stressful circumstances |
| Women are most likely to respond to negative life events | with self-focused rumination |
| People who suffer chronic depression | Are at high risk for experiencing social rejection |
| The viscious cycle of depression | is often initiated by stressful life experiences |
| The rise of Western Individualism | appears most responsible for increase in depression |
| To break the vicious cycle of depression | people should be encouraged to explain their failures in terms that are both external and temporary |
| One way for people to break the vicious cycle of depression | is to participate more often in activities they consider pleasant and rewarding |
| Schizophrenia | A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Break down in selective attention is most likely to be experienced by those who suffer this. |
| Schizophrenia Symptoms | Flat Affect and Catatonia |
| Schizophrenia Example | A person with this disorder speech is a "word salad"; it is full of unrelated words and phrases |
| Positive Symptoms | Are the presence of inappropriate behaviors |
| Positive Symptoms Example | Hallucinations, Loud and Meaningless Talking, Inappropriate Laughter, Uncontrollable outbursts of rage, Feelings of supreme importance and paranoia |
| Negative Symptoms | Are the absence of appropriate behaviors |
| Negative Symptoms Example | An expressionless face, a lack of guilt feelings, and flat affect |
| Hallucinations | Hearing or seeing things that are not there. These experienced by Schizophrenics are most likely to hear things that are not there |
| Hallucination Example | See a one-eyed monster |
| Delusions | False beliefs or persecution |
| Delusions Example | Believing you are Christopher Columbus |
| Acute Schizophrenia | Known as reactive schizophrenia that develops rapidly seemingly as a reaction to stress, more often have the positive symptoms that respond to drug therapy, more likely to recover |
| Chronic Schizophrenia | Known as process schizophrenia which develops over a long period of time. Are less likely to recover. |
| Paranoid Schizophrenia | Preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations; cognitive function and affect remain relatively well preserved |
| Disorganized Schizophrenia | Characterized by disorganized behavior and speech |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia | Has at least two of the following features; immobility, excessive or purposeless motor activity, extreme negativism, or peculiarities of voluntary movement |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia Example | A parrot like repeating of speech or movements |
| Undifferentiated Schizophrenia | Does not have any of the characteristics of paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia |
| Residual Schizophrenia Part One | A continued presence of negative symptoms. More commonly known as less pronounced symptoms. DSM-IV-TR criteria are absence of prominent delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech |
| Residual Schizophrenia Part Two | presence of positive or negative symptoms |
| Residual Schizophrenia Example | Symptoms of withdrawal following the disappearance of hallucinations and delusions |
| Schizophrenia and Receptors | Is associated with an excess of receptors for dopamine |
| Excess of Receptors example | Cocaine may increase symptoms of schizophrenia by increasing dopamine levels |
| Dopamine over activity | is related to hallucinations |
| Drugs that interfere with glutamate receptors | Produce the flat affect |
| Vigorous activity in the thalamus of schizophrenia patients | Has been found to be associated with hearing voices |
| Among schizophrenia patients | the fluid-filled areas of the brain are abnormally large and the thalamus is abnormally small |
| An abnormal shrinkage of cerebral tissue | Is associated with schizophrenia |
| A PET scan study of people with paranoia | Found increased activity in the amygdala |
| Schizophrenia patients have difficulty | focusing attention. This is related to a smaller-than-normal thalamus |
| Evidence suggests that prenatal viral infections | contribute to Schizophrenia |
| Low birth weight | is a known risk factor for Schizophrenia |
| North Americans born during the winter and spring months | are at a slightly increased risk for Schizophrenia |
| Research on the cause of Schizophrenia | Suggests that there is a genetic predisposition to Schizophrenia |
| Of all twins who share identical genes with a schizophrenic victim | About a half develop schizophrenia |
| If identical twins share a placenta rather than having separate placentas | Their chances of being similarly affected by schizophrenia are dramatically increased |
| If an identical twin has schizophrenia | the co-twins chances are 1 in 10 if they had different placentas |
| A short attention span and/or poor muscle coordination | is an early warning of schizophrenia |
| One study on monitored teens who had two relatives with Schizophrenia | Those who subsequently developed schizophrenia display a tendency to be socially withdrawn prior to the onset of the disorder |
| Personality Disorder | Inflexible and enduring socially maladaptive behaviors patterns that impair social functioning |
| The three distinctive features to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are | Anxiety, Eccentricity, Impulsivity. |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by dramatic or impulsive behaviors is exemplified by this |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by anxiety is exemplified by this |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | One cluster of personality disorders marked by odd or eccentric behaviors |
| Those with an avoidant personality disorder | Are most likely to display a fear of social rejection |
| Those with a histrionic personality disordder | Are most likely to display dramatic, attention getting behaviors |
| Those with a narcissistic personality disorder | Are most likely to be preoccupied with their own self-importance |
| A schizoid personality disorder | Is most likely to be characterized by a detachment from social relationships |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | A disorder characterized by a lack of guilt feelings and a lack of conscience. More common among men then women. |
| Psychopath | Refers to an individual with antisocial personality disorder |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder Example | Anthony is intelligent and quite charming. He has swindled several older people out of their life savings, has little feelings for his victims, and does not fear the consequences of getting caught. |
| Researchers have found low levels of adrenaline | in 13 year-old boys who were later convicted of a crime as 18-26 year-olds |
| Some evidence in low level of autonomic nervous system arousal | May contribute to antisocial personality disorder |
| The reduced self-control and cognitive functions like planning and organization of murderers | Is most closely related to reduced brain activity in their frontal lobes |
| The surging rates of violent crime in Western nations | are best understood through a biopsychosocial approach |
| Researchers recently estimated that approximately 26% of adult Americans | Had suffered a clinically significant psychological disorder in last year |
| A World Health Organization of 20 countries estimated | That the United States had the highest prevalence of mental disorders during the prior year |
| Among women the stresses and demoralization of poverty | are especially likely to precipitate depression |
| The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder | are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of Schizophrenia |
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