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Test 4
JUS 101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ refers to consequences for the violation of group norms, rules & laws | punishment |
| ____ period from 1800s to 1860s when the philosophies of incapacitation and deterrance were dominant | the era of penitentiary |
| ___ development of a formal penal system and a heavy reliance on incarceration emerged | the ear of penitentiary |
| what are the two styles of the era of penitentiary? | Pennsylvania and Auburn |
| Pennsylvania style of punishment was ____ | silence and seperate cells (silence all of the time) |
| Aubrun style of punishment was ____ | silence, but only talkduring the day |
| ____ more humanitarian approach to incarceration based on the philosophy of rehabilitation | the era of reform |
| during the era of ____ the system of parole emerged | the era of reform |
| ____ abolished the rule of silence | the era of reform |
| ____ reforming prison systems not inmates | the era of reform |
| ____ goods produced by inmates were sold in the open market | the era of industry |
| ____ chain gangs were developed | the era of industry |
| ____ inmates also worked in the private sector | the era of industry |
| t/t today inmates work in both the private and public sector | true |
| ____ a response to harsh punishment faced by inmates | the era of rehabilitation |
| ___ dominated by the medical model with a focus on the needs on individual offenders and less reliance on prisions to carry out criminal sancation | the era of rehabilitation |
| ____ increase reliance on security confinement for longer periods of time determine sentencing policies | era of retribution |
| ____ abolition of parole | era of retribution |
| ___ refers to as the "get tough" movement | era of retribution |
| t/f prisons must be secure to prevent escaping and contraband into the institution | true |
| t/f officers want to increase the occurance of inmate assults on staff and violence | false |
| t/f prision administration want to secure the effective functioning of an institution | true |
| what is the secury custody? | 1.no escape 2.no contraband |
| t/f there is a distinct subculture among inmated in prison | true |
| what are the two models that explain the inmate subculture? | 1.deprivation model 2.importation model |
| ____ based on the pains of imprisonment; reflects status, mental punishment | deprivation model |
| ____ based on individual or personal characteristics | importation model |
| ____ mind your own business, be strong and tough and do not confined in prision staff | inmate code |
| ___ learning inmate subculture | prisonization |
| what are the pains of imprisment | 1.loss of liberty(impairs self-esteem) 2.loss of goods and services 3.loss of heterosexual relationships 4.loss of autominity 5.loss of security |
| ___ % of the American population is supervised in the community | 70% |
| what are contemporay examples of community corrections | 1.probation 2.parole 3.various intermediate sanctions |
| t/f punishment has been "community" based | true |
| what were the two major forms of community corrections developed during the 19th century | probation and parole |
| ____ term of supervision in which ofenders can remain in the community provided they follow a set of rules | probation |
| ___% of felony inmates recieve probation | 28% |
| ___ offenders are released from incarceration and must follow a set of rules | parole |
| _____ alternative to traditional probation or prison | intermediate sanctions |
| what is the most common intermediate sanction that is used? | intensive supervision |
| ___ provides closer supervision, more contact and more regulated | intensive supervision |
| ___ has a smaller caseload | intensive supervision |
| what are the responsibilities of the offenders? | 1.condition of supervision (standard and special) 2.supervision may be revoked if broken; return to prision |
| what are the responsibilities of the officer? | 1.presentence investigation (info about education, employment, substancce abuse and ohsitory) 2.supervison (enforce conditions are met) |
| what are the supervision violations? | 1.new offenses (new crime committed) 2. technical (failure to abide by the condition of supervision) |
| what was the methods of punishment before prisons? | flogging, branding, and other forms of torture |
| after physical punishment was deemed inhumane, what was the new punishment? | penitentiary |
| what were the violations in order to be punished acrossed human history? | violation group norms, rules and laws |
| what did punishment justify? | social, political, moral, or religious reasons |
| when were the major penal institutions created in the US | 1790-1830 |
| ____ The idea is to rely on non-punitive methods to control crime and delinquency by turning the justice system into a healer rather than a distributor of retribution | restorative Justice |
| Reconciliation between the victim and the offender is a central theme, which is seen as vital, since many victims and offenders know one another | restorative justice |
| ____ most programs are carried out in the community | restorative justice |
| ___ million individuals are under some form of correctional supervision in the U.S. | 7.1 million |
| _____ adults is institutionalized in jail or prison at the state and federal levels | 1/100 |
| More than _____ people incarcerated | 2.3 million |
| t/f the US has the lowest incarceration rate of all industralized countries | false- Highest |
| t/f State correctional budgets in the U.S. are six times greater than that allocated for higher education | true |
| t/f prisions are designed to hold a variety of offenders for a relatively brief period of time, usually for less than one year | false- Jails and detention center |
| how many jails are in the US | over 3,300 |
| who operated most jails? | counties and municipal governments |
| jails are used to... | 1.house offenders after arrest 2.defendents with less than 1 year 3.house offenders awaiting case resolution |
| what are the 5 types of prisions? | 1.supermax 2.maximum security 3.close security 4.medium security 5.minimum security 5.specialized |
| most restrictive and secure; generally reserved for the most incorrigible and dangerous offenders | supermax |
| the highest level of security where there is no Supermax; emphasize strict monitoring of inmate behavior | maximum-security |
| some jurisdictions use an additional classification which lies between maximum-security and medium-security prisons | close security |
| hold a diverse inmate population; more movement and less restrictions than maximum-security | medium security |
| the most open and least restrictive type of institution; usually house non-violent offenders or those nearing release | minimum-security |
| house inmates with special-needs; usually offenders with substance use problems, sex offenders, or those with mental illnesses | specialized |
| t/f Coercion and the threat of violence appear to be more common than actual physical assaults | true |
| t/f inmates cannot recieve good time credit | false- can |
| what are the two types of special offender populations? | 1.inmates and HIV/AIDS 2.Inmates and substance use |
| ___% of incarcerated offenders report they have used drugs in their past | 70-80% |
| t/f inmates under 30 pose increasing problems for corrections | false- over 55 |
| t/f the cost is greater for elderly inmates | true |
| ____% of inmates have a mental disability | 10-15% |
| which inmates are at an increase for victimization physically and psychologically | mentally ill |
| ___ inmates classified as having both substance abuse and mental health problems | dual-disorder inmates |
| Led to the establishment of certain privileges for inmates; they could purchase TVs or radios, wear what they wanted, and have visitors bring amenities | inmate rights |
| t/f Inmates were also granted more freedom of movement and were no longer required to participate in treatment programs | true |
| Leads to a number of problems for inmates and for correctional personnel | crowding |
| Inmates who spend less time in educational activities are more likely to commit personal crimes | violence |
| t/f Of increasing concern in the new republic were drunkenness and its perceived problems | true |
| ____ created a system of probation in 1841 | John Augustus |
| During the same time probation was in its inception, dissatisfaction with the new American penal system was spreading; this ultimately led to the creation of ____ | parole |
| t/f Recent state budget crises have resulted in budget cuts for corrections – retribution efforts typically suffer the most | false- rehabilitation efforts |
| t/f Offenders on probation and parole constitute the smallest portion of those under community correctional supervision | false- largest |
| examples of intermediate sanctions | Intensive Supervision Probation, House Arrest and Home Confinement, Electronic Monitoring, Day Reporting Centers, Residential Programs, and Boot Camps |
| A specified period of time during which offenders may not leave their places of residence except for previously approved activities | House Arrest and Home Confinement |
| Offenders typically submit a weekly schedule Electronic monitoring may be used to improve compliance | House Arrest and Home Confinement |
| Nonresidential programs that require offenders to report on a frequent basis; House a number of services for offenders, such as drug testing, substance abuse treatment, job training, and education courses | Day Reporting Centers |
| Residential Programs that serve as temporary housing for released inmates as they adjust are referred to as | halfway houses |
| t/f Residential Programs Increasingly used to designate a variety of programs that serve a variety of offenders for a relatively short period of time | true |
| One of the more publicized and well known programs;The emphasis on discipline, strict adherence to program rules, and physical conditioning is thought to provide an opportunity for constructive change in attitudes and behavior | Boot Camps |
| Some identify boot camps as ______ , but not all shock incarceration programs include a boot camp experience | shock incarceration |
| A frequent goal of intermediate sanctions is to divert offenders from a sentence that is considered too severe or expensive for a particular offender | Net Widening |
| _____ occurs when a punishment is used on a larger population or different population than what was originally intended | Net Widening |
| ____ represent the minimum expectations | standard Conditions |
| _____ refer to unique conditions that correspond to the nature of the crime or characteristics of the offender | special conditions |
| t/f Research has found a variety of community supervision programs to be very successful in reducing recidivism | false- only modestly successful |
| t/f Intermediate sanctions have been found to suffer from a number of problems that challenge their ability to reduce recidivism | true |
| t/f Probationers tend to have the lowest recidivism rates, followed by offenders in intermediate sanction programs; released inmates have the highest recidivism rates | true |
| More than ___% of all prisoners will eventually be released from prison | 90% |
| Approximately _____ prisoners are released each year to the community | 600,000 |
| what are the types of releases? | 1.expiration of sentence 2.split sentence 3.supervised release 4.parole supervision |
| ____ sentence “maxed out” | Expiration of sentence |
| ____ period or probation after release | split sentence |
| ____ for jurisdictions with determinate sentencing | supervised release |
| ____ for jurisdictions with indeterminate sentencing | parole supervision |
| t/f Prison has not demonstrated itself as being very effective at preventing future criminal behavior by offenders | true |
| Approximately ____ % of released prisoners are rearrested for serious misdemeanors or felonies within three years of release; | 60% |
| What are the problems Prisoners face that they must overcome to avoid returning to prison | 1.Lack of adequate and meaningful employment 2.“ex-convict” label 3.Lack of sufficient education, job skills, or life skills 4.Loss of family and social networks |
| what are the challenges for supervising offenders? | Examples of such groups include substance abusers, elderly persons, female offenders, and offenders with mental health problems |
| ____for the violation of group nroms, rules and laws is a common element across human history and societies | punishment |
| ____ development of a formal penal system and a heavy reliance on incarceration | penitenitary era |
| ____ system whereby released inmates could continue their treatment in the community | reform era |
| ____ convict labor | inductrial era |
| _____ making inmates work for the public and private sector | convict leasing |
| ___ replaced the philophies of detterrence and incapacitation | rehabilitation |
| ___ focuses on the needs of individual offender and less on reliance on prisons | rehabilitation era |
| ____ sever penalities and a decreasing support for rehabiliative efforts towards crime and offenders | retributive era |
| ____ nonpunitive methods to control crime and delinquency by turning the justice system into a healer rather than a distributor | restorative justice |
| ____ are build to house fewer inmates in pods or modules that contain anywhere from16-30 cells with 1-2 inmates per cell | new-generation jails (NGJs) |
| ____ holds convicts for more than one year (generally felony offenses) | prison |
| ___ used to indicate a correctional facility that is managed and operated by a private corporation | private prison |
| ___ supervise prisoners | correctional officers |
| ___personal characteristics affect the ability to adjust to a new environment; | importation model |
| ____ promoted as helping with offender rehabilitation and increasing the structure and activities involved in an inmate's daily routine | prison programs |
| _____ process of releasing patients in aslyums that no longer pose a threat back into society | deinstitutionalization |
| ___ the process of confining offenders in correctional institutions | transinstitutionslization |
| ____ constitute the various sanctions and forms of supervision that occur within the community rather than in an institutional setting | community corrections |
| t/f community supervision has increased the use in the 19th century | true |
| ____ requore payment of a percentage of an offender's income over time rather than a flat fee | fines |
| ____ set number of colunteer hours be completed within a specified period of time | Community Service Work (CSW) |
| ___ a term of court-ordered supervision during which offenders remain in the community provided that they follow certain conditions | probation |
| ____ a form of community supervision requiring oddenders to report on a daily or near-daily basis (established in Great Britian) | day reporting center (DRC) |
| ___ a form of supervision involving frequent contact, perhaps several times a week between offenders and probation officers | Intensive supervision probation (ISP) |
| ___ refers to a wide variety of facilities designed to hold offenders for relatively brief periods of time; work -release facility | community correctional facilities |
| ____ early conditional release to eligible offenders who are sentenced to a period of regular incarceration; brief confinement and community service ("shock probation") | shock incarceration |
| also known as shock incarceration programs | boot camp |
| ___ a specified period of time during which offenders may not leave their places of residence except for previously approved activities | house arrest/home confinement |
| ___ has been used used to improve compliance with home confinement, pretrial release and condition parole release | electronic monitoring |
| ___ temporary housing for released inmates as they adjust to living in the community | halfway houses |
| ___ facilities designed to assist in offender reintegration into the community | residential community correctional program |
| ___ document that is typically completed after a defendant has pleaded or been found guility | presentence investigation |
| ___ offers offenders the opportunity to temporarily halt the prosecution effort against them | diversion programs |
| ___ Violations of probation, parole, or an intermediate sanction’s program conditions; generally categorized as new offense or technical violations | supervision violations |
| ___ efforts are those activities and programs designed to assist offenders in adjusting to a law abiding lifestyle after returning to the community from prison | prisoner reentry |
| t/f Prison has be very effective at preventing future crime | false- NOT |
| t/f prisoners face many problems after they are released | true |
Created by:
lax5