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AP Psychology Unit 8
Unit Test Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal |
| Instinct | Complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species |
| Optimum Arousal | People are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal |
| Hierarchy of Needs | People have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions |
| Drive Reduction | People are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs |
| Instinct Part Two | Instinct Theory, like evolutionary theory focuses in on genetic predispositions. Criticized for it names behavior but not explains it |
| Instinct Example | It is characteristic for bears to hibernate |
| Need | A physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal |
| Need Example | Lack of body fluids |
| Drive | An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need |
| Drive Example | Thirst |
| Homeostasis | The goal of drive reduction; the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state. "Staying the same" |
| Homeostasis Example | When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower body temperature |
| Incentive | A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. The role of learning from motivation is from the influences of this |
| Incentive Example | The influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires |
| Self-Transcendence | The needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self |
| Self-Transcendence Example | Financial satisfaction is more strongly predictive of well being in poor nations than in wealthy nations |
| Minnesota Starvation Experiment Part One | Study designed to determine the physiological and psychological effects of severe and prolonged dietary restriction and the effectiveness of dietary rehabilitation strategies |
| Minnesota Starvation Experiment Part Two | Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semi-starvation diet lost interest in sex and social activities. Prisoner of war placed on a semi-starvation diet in which their was food was cut in half spent their time dreaming about it |
| A.L Washburn | Swallowed a balloon. When inflated, the balloon filled his stomach and transmitted his stomach contractions to a recording device. Washburn found that hunger pangs accompany feelings of hunger. |
| Rat Stomachs | In relation with hunger and stomach conditions, researchers found out that rats who had stomachs removed still ate regularly |
| Hunger Controls | Located within the brain's hypothalamus |
| Lateral Hypothalamus | The portion that controls hunger. Damage to this area can cause reduced food intake due to loss of appetite. Stimulation of this can increase appetite |
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus | The portion of the hypothalamus that is responsible for feeling of satisfaction or fullness after eating. Damage to this area can cause overeating and obesity. |
| Orexin | Produced by: Lateral Hypothalamus Function: A hunger triggering hormone |
| Insulin | Produced by: Pancreas Function: A rise on blood glucose after meals stimulates the secretion of insulin. Insulin suppresses appetite by acting on the brain. |
| Ghrelin | Produced by: Stomach Wall Function: Triggers feelings of hunger as mealtime approach. In dieters who lose weight, this level increase which make it hard to stay on a diet |
| Obestatin | Produced by: Stomach Function: A hunger suppressing hormone |
| Leptin | Produced by: Adipose Tissue Function: Suppresses appetite as its level increases. When body fat decreases, leptin levels fall and appetite increases |
| PYY | Produced by: Small Intestine Function: Secreted after meals, acts as an appetite suppressant that counters the appetite stimulant ghrelin |
| Set Point | Specific body weight which is maintained automatically by most adults over time. Illustrates an explanation of motivation in terms of homeostasis |
| Set Point Example | When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism will increase in hunger and decrease in basal metabolic weight |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Example | A drop in this is most likely to occur due to a semi-starvation diet |
| Settling Point | Some researchers prefer the term settling point to set point because the typical body weight of an adult is influenced by environmental and biological factors. |
| Level of Serotonin | An increased level in the brain can be achieved by a diet high in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates reduce anxiety and tension |
| People's preferences for sweet tastes | These are universal and their preferences for excessively salty tastes are learned |
| Taste Preferences | Are influenced by learning experiences |
| Recipes in hot climates compared to cold climates | Are more likely to include spices |
| Neophobia | People's dislike of novel foods |
| Neophobia Example | While in China, you are offered chicken feet. Your refusal reflects this |
| Social Facilitation | People tend to eat much more food in social situations such as parties and celebrations |
| Unit Bias | When encouraged to much as they want, people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in smaller rather than larger portion sizes. |
| Unit Bias Example | People consume more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one |
| Anorexia Nervosa | Characterized by an obsessive fear of becoming obese |
| Anorexia Nervosa Example | Losing weight by eating little and excessive example |
| Bulimia Nervosa | Characterized by episodes of overeating followed by vomiting |
| Bulimia Nervosa Example | Taking a laxative following episodes of binge eating |
| Binge-Eating Disorder | Characterized by spurts of excessive overeating followed by remorse - but do not binge, purge, fast or exercise excessively |
| Families of Bulimia Patients | Have a higher-than-usual incidence of childhood obesity |
| Anorexia Patients | Are most likely to have parents who are high-achieving and protective |
| Role of Family Environment on Eating Disorders | Research has discounted childhood sexual abuse |
| A Common Misconception | Anorexia Nervosa is that is only a woman's illness |
| Identical Twins vs Fraternal Twins | In terms of relationship between genetics and eating disorders, these twins are more likely to share the disorder then the other |
| Individuals Vulnerable to Anorexia | Are those who live in cultures that idealize thin bodies |
| The World Health Organization | Identifies obesity as a high body mass index of 30 or more |
| Storing Body Fat | A body that can do this has the advantage of possessing stored energy |
| Facing Famine | When this occurs, obesity would indicate a sign of high social status |
| Research on Women's Obesity | New research has linked this to risk of late-life Alzheimer's disease |
| Images are widen | On a video monitor and this occurs, they are observed to be less sincere and less friendly |
| Research on hiring | Participants on their willingness to do this, revealed greater discrimination against overweight women than overweight men |
| How carefully people diet | No matter what they never lose fat cells |
| Fat Cells Increase | Due to the result of adult overeating patterns |
| Once your fat | Less food is needed to maintain our weight than we did to attain it |
| Difficulty Losing Weight While Dieting | Due to the fact that fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues |
| Research on three to four week dieting | Leads to lower resting metabolic rate. The body reacts as if it is being starved, causing the basal metabolic rate to drop. |
| Research on genetic and environmental influences on weight | Reveals that the weight of adoptive people correlates with that of their biological parents, and not their adoptive |
| One gene scan of 40,000 people | Identified a variant of the gene FTO that nearly doubles the risk of obesity |
| Sleep Deprivation | Increase vulnerability to obesity. This cause levels of leptin to fall and levels of ghrelin to rise |
| Social and cultural factors influence obesity | Researchers observed the incidence of obesity among 50,000 nurses was predicted by their TV-viewing habits |
| Research on sperm | That enough of this may release prior to male orgasm to enable conception |
| Research on female orgasm | Indicates the likelihood of conception |
| Resolution | People are most likely to experience a rapid decrease in physiological arousal if they have just experienced orgasm |
| Refractory Period | The time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm |
| Experience of orgasm | Is the same for both sexes as experts could not reliably distinguish between descriptions of orgasm written by women and men |
| Women's sexual receptivity | Differs from that of nonhuman female mammals in being more responsive to testosterone levels than estrogen levels |
| Women's sexual interests | Research indicates that are somewhat influenced by the phases of their menstrual cycles |
| Female mammals' sexual receptivity | Peaks at the time of ovulation |
| Removal of the ovaries | A woman's natural testosterone level drops |
| Adult males who suffer castration | Research indicates experience a decline in their sex drive |
| Male Sex Offenders | Lose much of their sexual urge when voluntarily taking Depo-Provera |
| Brain scan of erotic material | Reveal a more active amygdala in men than women |
| Viewing woman being sexually coerced | Can lead to people to be more willing to hurt women |
| Viewing images of sexually attractive women and men | May lead people to devalue their own partners and relationships |
| Women are more likely than men | To experience fantasies of being sexually taken by a passionate lover |
| Rates of adolescent sexual intercourse | Are similar in Western Europe and Latin America |
| Sexually active unmarried teens | More likely to use contraceptives if they are in an exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication |
| Premarital Sexual Activity | Is higher among American teens who consume rather than abstain from alcohol |
| Lower rates of teen pregnancy | Have been observed among adolescents who are actively religious |
| HPV | Leading cause of genital warts and cervical cancer |
| AIDS | Results from the transmission of HIV from an infected sexual partner |
| Lower Rates of Pregnancy | Have been observed among teens who have participated in a service learning program as tutors or teachers' aides |
| Compared with girls with fathers to without | Girls with fathers present are less likely to experience teen pregnancy |
| Sexual Orientation | Our sexual attraction toward members of either the same sex or the opposite sex. Homosexual orientation is persistent and difficult to change, they report becoming aware of their same sex attraction when young |
| Sexual Orientation Example | More than a dozen national surveys in the early 1990s indicated that in both Europe and the United States, about 3-4% men are gay and 1-2% are lesbian |
| Adolescent Homosexuals | Are higher at risk for suicide |
| Women's sexual orientation | Tends to be less strongly felt that men's and potentially more fluid and changing than men's |
| Erotic Personality | Women are somewhat more likely than men to feel bisexual attracting illustrating a gender difference in this |
| High Sex Drive in Women | Unlike men, this is likely to be associated with an increased same-sex attraction as well as an increased opposite-sex attraction |
| Fraternal Birth-Order Effect Part One | Male homosexuality has been found slight higher for men who have older brothers. This effect is a result of the maternal immune systems. |
| Fraternal Birth-Order Effect Part Two | A mother's immune system may have a defensive response to substances produced by male fetuses. Research on environmental conditions report the same for both hetrosexuals and homosexuals |
| Same Sex Attraction in Animals | A biological influence on homosexuality is clearly seen from evidence of sexual relations between same-sex partners in several hundred different animal species |
| The Brain and Sexual Orientation | Evidence for brain anatomy differences for variations in sexual orientation is provided by the fact these brain differences originate at about the same time or even before birth |
| Simon Levay | Discovered that a neural cluster located in the hypothalamus was larger in hetrosexual men than in homsexual men |
| The Brain and Sexual Orientation Example | When exposed to a scent derived from men's sweat, gay and straight men responded differently in the area of the hypothalamus that governs sexual arousal |
| Genes and Sexual Orientation | Research indicates homosexuality suggests that genetic influence plays a role in sexual orientation. By manipulating genes fruit fly sexual orientations have been controlled |
| Prenatal Hormones and Sexual Orientation | Research has found that animals sexual orientation can be controlled through exposure of prenatal hormone conditions |
| Prenatal Hormones and Sexual Orientation Example One | If pregnant sheep receive testosterone during a critical gestation period, their female will show homosexual behaviour |
| Prenatal Hormones and Sexual Orientation Example Two | Differences in right and left handed fingerprint ridges are greater for heterosexual males than for females and gay males. It is attributed to these. |
| Evolutionary Psychologists | Suggest all humans are predisposed to form close enduring relationships with fellow human to ensure survival. |
| Close Relationships | People who feel to supported by this experience a better quality of life |
| Close Relationships Example | Married people are at less risk for depression, suicide, and early death than single people |
| Described personal epsidoes | When asked to do this that made them feel particularly bad about themselves, about four in five people describe a relationship difficulty |
| Ostracism | Our need to belong is threatened by this such as solitary confinement |
| Ostracism Example | Researchers have discovered "cyber-ostracism" by strangers elicits increased activity in the anterior cingulated cortex that part of the brain that feels pain |
| The basic components of emotions | expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience |
| James-Lange | Our experience of an emotion is a consequence of a physiological response to a stimulus; we are afraid because our heart pounds in response to a stranger |
| James-Lange Example | Your friend tells you, "You know you are in love when your heart beats fast and you experience that unique trembling feeling inside." |
| Cannon-Bard | The physiological response + simultaneous subjective experience; heart pounds with fear and they do not cause each other. Walter believed that our body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions |
| Cannon-Bard Example | Our heart races as we experience fear |
| Schachter-Singer (Two Factor) | Interplay of thinking and feeling, not on the timing of feelings. To experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. |
| Schachter-Singer Example | Heart pounding while with sweaty palms during a test, you conclude you are anxious. You feel the same when you see an attractive person and believe you are falling in love |
| Zajonc; LeDoux | Instant, before cognitive appraisal |
| Zajonc; LeDoux Example | We automatically react to a sound in the forest before appraising it |
| Lazarus | Appraisal ("Is it dangerous or not?")- sometimes without our awareness defines emotion |
| Lazarus Example | The sound is "just the wind" |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Regulates the physiological arousal that accompanies different emotions. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Arouses the body and mobilizing energy in emotionally stressful situations |
| Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Example | When walking home from work late, you suddenly hear footsteps behind you. Your heart pounds, your muscles tense, and your mouth goes dry |
| Epinephrine | Released by the adernal glands, a hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency. Adrenaline and No-adrenaline are referred to as this and norepinphrine. |
| Epinephrine Example | An inexperienced pilot prepares to land after the plane is about to crash, in this situation with the release of epinephrine her emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by increased blood sugar levels |
| Task Performance | Is best when physiological arousal is moderate |
| Task Performance Example | You will play a violin solo best if your physiological arousal during the performance is moderate |
| The Level of Arousal | Typically associated with peak performances tend to be higher on well learned tasks |
| Similar Patterns of Autonomic Arousal | The emotions of anger and fear involve this |
| Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions | Researchers wanting to stimulate distinct, specific emotions stimulate different brain regions |
| Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions Example | Anger and Fear associate with accelerated heart rates, fear is sometimes accompanied by hormone secretions and finger temperature that differs from rage |
| Different Emotions | Involve activation of different brain circuits |
| Fearful faces | Observers watching these show more brain activity in the amygdala than those watching angry faces |
| Angry Faces | Observers watching these show less brain activity in the thalamus than do those watching fearful faces |
| Disgust | This causes increased activity in the right pre-frontal cortex |
| Joy | This causes increased activity in the left lobe |
| Nucleus Accumbens | A small cluster of neurons that is highly active when people experience pleasure |
| Nucleus Accumbens Example | Electrically stimulating of this has been observed to trigger smiling and laughter in depressed patients |
| Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions | Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions. Explains James-Lange Theory |
| Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions Example | Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences |
| Polygraph | Used for lie detection, it measures the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity and perspiration that accompany emotion. |
| Problems With the Polygraph | Anxiety, irritation, and guilt feelings all prompt similar physiological reactivity |
| The Guilty Knowledge Test Part One | A test used to assess a suspect's responses to details of a crime, lie detector tests err about one third of the time, lie detector tests more likely make innocent guilty then let guilty be innocent |
| The Guilty Knowledge Test Part Two | To detect lying use brain imaging. When lying the anterior cingulate cortex becomes especially active |
| The Spillover Effect | When emotions from one event spills over to another event. Best explains the Two-Factor Theory |
| The Spillover Effect Example | Men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with joyful or irritated people, those were told that they will be aroused were least likely to experience the emotions |
| Result of Spillover Effect | The result of this experiment support the idea that our experience of emotions depends on how we interpret the body's arousal |
| Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Part One | Emotional reactions may occur without conscious thinking, the low-road brain pathway directly contributes to automatic emotional responses |
| Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Part Two | Visual input goes through the prefrontal cortex, and is routed from the thalamus directly to the amygdala. Zajonc's research illustrates that people can an emotional preference for stimuli which they have been unknowingly exposed |
| Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotions Example | Fear is most likely to precede any conscious thinking |
| Detection Of Anger Expression | People are especially good at this |
| Couples Who Are Passionately In Love | Most frequently communicate intimacy by means of prolonged eye-gazing |
| Facial Muscles | The most unambiguous clue to our specific emotional state is provided by this |
| When shown a face with anger mixed with fear | Physically abused were much quicker than other children to see anger |
| View subliminally flashed words | We are especially like to sense the presence of words such as death |
| Clearly signal of fear | The eyebrows raised and pulled together |
| Facial Expressions When Lying | We find it to detect when people are doing this |
| Introverts again Extroverts | They are better then the other at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion in others |
| Gender on Emotion | Study male and female participants, the genders differed the most in their facial expressions of emotion, overall women are better at detecting emotion and demonstrating empathy |
| Gender on Emotion Example | Compared with males, females are more likely to cry and report distress when watching someone in distress |
| Culture and Emotional Expression | Most universal way of understanding emotion is through facial expressions. People from different culture display and interpret facial expressions of emotion in a manner illustrates the impacts of human genetic similarities |
| Culture and Emotional Expression Example | Research on nonverbal communication indicates that blind children who have never observed others demonstrate normal facial expressions of emotion |
| Australians Conveying Facial Expression | Visibly express inner feelings |
| Sneer | Evolutionists suggest that this retains elements of baring one's teeth so as to threaten predators |
| North America vs Japan | The individuality of this place makes them more likely than the other country to display their feelings openly |
| Authority Figure in Japan | In the presence of this here, these men are more likely to mask their negative emotions with a smile |
| The Facial Feedback Effect | Facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion |
| The Facial Feedback Effect Example | Saying "me" over "you" puts people in a better position. Patients feel less depressed following between the eyebrows Botox injections that immobilize frown muscles |
| Behavior Feedback Phenomenon | Behaviors of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion. |
| Behavior Feedback Phenomenon Example | When you act happy, you experience increased feelings of cheerfulness. You experience a mood shift from short shuffling to taking long strides and swinging your arms |
| Experienced Emotion | Carroll Izard propsed there are 10 basic emotions, the rest are combined. In describing emotions, people place them along two basic dimensions arousal (high versus low) and valence (pleasant versus unpleasant) |
| 10 Basic Emotions | Joy, Interest-Excitement, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Fear, Shame, and Guilt |
| Experienced Emotion | Love is a mixture of interest-excitement and joy |
| Fear Part One | An alarm system that prepares our bodies to flee from danger, binds us together, and protects us from harm. Is adaptive and learned. People learn to associate this with naturally painful or traumatic experiences |
| Fear Part Two | Evolutionary perspective argues that humans learn to fear snakes, spiders, and cliffs because these fears helped our ancestors survive. |
| Fear Example | In experiments with adult monkeys who were fearful of snakes, Susan Mineka discovered that younger monkeys developed a fear of snakes through observational learning |
| The Biology of Fear Part One | Research shows that some humans are biologically predisposed to learn some fears more quickly than others. The amygdala has been found to be important in learning to fear specific objects |
| The Biology of Fear Part Two | A gene has been isolated that influences the amygdala's response to frightening situations. People with a short version of this gene have high levels of serotonin available to activate amygdala neurons |
| Catharsis Hypothesis Part One | The idea that anger is reduced by aggressive action or fantasy. Catharsis refers to emotional release. According to this retaliating against someone who provokes us can calm us down because retaliation relieve aggressive urges |
| Catharsis Hypothesis Part Two | Retaliation will calm one down only if it is justifiable |
| Catharsis Hypothesis Example | Suggest by a psychologist to reduce anger by tearing pictures of your ex mate |
| Misdeed | Trigger feelings of anger if it is perceived and willful |
| Experience Anger | When they are harmed by an event perceived as unjustified |
| Japanese Culture | Would least likely advocate catharsis as a way of helping children reduce anger |
| Intensely Angry Person | Experts suggest that a person of this sort should take time to let the anger and emotional arousal subside |
| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon | When people feel happy they are more willing to help others |
| Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon Example | After receiving an unexpected A on your psychology test, you are easily persuaded to babysit your little sister while your parents go out to dinner |
| Wellbeing | Self-perceived happiness; a sense of satisfaction with life. People will display more of this if they seek to contribute to their communities rather than simply strive for personal wealth and power |
| Wellbeing Example | During the last four decades, the buying power of Americans has increased and their self-reported personal happiness has remained almost unchanged |
| The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Part One | People's moment-to-moment positive moods tend to be highest near the middle hours of their waking day and negative moods at the end of the day |
| The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Part Two | After hearing very bad news, people overestimate the duration of their negative emotions |
| Diminishing Returns Phenomenon Part One | The value of enjoyment we get from something starts to decrease after a certain point. Applies to performance, limit to time and energy and still expect to see improvement |
| Diminishing Returns Phenomenon Part Two | Familiar to economists as diminishing marginal utility |
| Diminishing Return Phenomenon Example | Enjoying your second piece of pie less than your first |
| Adaptation-Level Phenomenon | Tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced. An implication of this is seeking happiness through financial security requires ever-increasing wealth |
| Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Example | You are euphoric after learning that you have been accepted to the medical school of your choice, you are only mildly excited in a few weeks |
| Relative Deprivation | The perception that one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself. To increase a sense of well-being, one should think of those less fortunate |
| Relative Deprivation Example | Feeling happy with your salary until you hear that your co-worker is making more money for the same job |
| Research on Most Happines | People experience this when they are absorbed in challenging activites |
| Level of Education | A general sense of happiness or life satisfaction is not related to this |
| Meaning religious faith | Is related to feelings of general happiness and life satisfaction |
| Happy People | Tend to have a satisfying marriage or close friendship |
| Stress | The process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges. Stress arises from both events and our cognitive appraisal of them. |
| Stress Example Part One | While waiting to write a test, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase by activation of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Stress Example Part Two | The test you showcase your knowledge while your friend thinks it will demonstrate their failings, your stress responses differ based on your distinct appraisals of the situation |
| The Stress Response System Part One | In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered stress releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream |
| The Stress Response System Part Two | Walter Cannon perceived the stress response to be highly adoptive because it prepared the organism for fight or flight. |
| The Stress Response System Part Three | From the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland), the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as cortisol |
| Tend-And-Befriend Response | The protection of offspring and seeking out the social group for mutual defense and support. More common for women then men. Oxytocin is a stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and pair bonding |
| General Adaption Syndrome | Hans Seyle describes the boy's responses to prolonged stress. Three phases are Alarm Reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion. During resistance organisms are best able to cope with stress. Exhaustion phase can lead to illness |
| Telomeres | End caps that protect chromosomes, as we age these shorten and eventually cell division stops |
| With prolonged stress | Aging woman with this as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature disease in the size of their telemores |
| Among Young Adults | A Canadian survey indicates highest stress in this group |
| Most significant category of life-stressors | Everyday annoyances |
| Likely to experience hypertension | Resident of impoverished areas are open to this |
| Hypertension rates are the highest | In countries where people report the lowest life satisfaction |
| Coronary Heart Disease Part One | Closing of vessels that nourish the heart muscle, high blood pressure increase this, greatest number of deaths in North America today result from heart disease. |
| Coronary Heart Disease Part Two | Pessimism is a personality characteristic associated with an increased of heart disease, chronic depression triggers persistent inflammation which increases risk of cardiovascular disease |
| Type A Part One | Individuals are hard-driving, competitive, self-critical, workaholics, experience constant urgency, and easily aroused to anger and hostility. Susceptible to heartattacks |
| Type A Part Two | Stress is likely to inhibit the liver from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood |
| Type B | Individuals are easy going, tolerant, relaxed, reflective, experience lower levels of anxiety, and display higher levels of imagination and creativity. |
| Psycho-physiological Disease | A stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches that are not caused by an organic disorder |
| Psycho-physiological Disease Example | Your physician suggests a program of relaxation training that would provide the best treatment for your high blood pressure. Your physician considers your hypertension to be this |
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) | A field of research that is broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems react to stress and affects our immune system to resistance to disease |
| Lymphocytes | An agent of the immune system, the white blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses. |
| T Lymphocytes | Inhibit viral infections |
| B Lymphocytes | Inhibit bacterial infections |
| Macrophage | An agent of the immune system, it ingests worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria. |
| Natural Killer Cells (NK) | Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells |
| Stress can | Trigger sympathetic nervous system responses that divert energy from the immune system |
| Chronic Stress | Can affect the immune system either by impairing its function or by causing it to attack the body's own tissues. |
| Bacterial and Viral Infections | Stress heightens vulnerability to this because stress draws energy from immune activity |
| Stress Hormones | Suppress the production of lymphocytes |
| Overly Active Immune System Example | Causes arthritis which attacks the body's own tissues |
| HIV to Aids | Stress speeds the progression of this by inhibiting production of lympocytes |
| Does not create cancer cells | Stress does not do this but it affects their growth by suppressing the activity of T Lymphocytes |
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