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Chemistry 111
Final Exam
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Scientific law | a brief statement that combines past observations and predicts future ones |
Law of conservation of energy | energy is neither created or destroyed |
Law of conservation of mass | matter is neither created or destroyed in a chemical reaction |
Law of constant composition | all samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements |
Aluminum | Al |
Antimony | Sb |
Argon | Ar |
Arsenic | As |
Barium | Ba |
Bismuth | Bi |
Boron | B |
Bromine | Br |
Cadmium | Cd |
Calcium | Ca |
Carbon | C |
Chlorine | Cl |
Chromium | Cr |
Cobalt | Co |
Copper | Cu |
Flourine | F |
Gold | Au |
Helium | He |
Hydrogen | H |
Iodine | I |
Iron | Fe |
Lead | Pb |
Lithium | Li |
Magnesium | Mg |
Manganese | Mn |
Mercury | Hg |
Neon | Ne |
Nickel | Ni |
Nitrogen | N |
Oxygen | O |
Palladium | Pd |
Phosphorus | P |
Platinum | Pt |
Plutonium | Pu |
Potassium | K |
Radium | Ra |
Silicon | Si |
Silver | Ag |
Sodium | Na |
Strontium | Sr |
Sulfur | S |
Tin | Sn |
Titanium | Ti |
Tungsten | W |
Uranium | U |
Xenon | Xe |
Zinc | Zn |
Periodic law | when the elements are arranged in order of increasing relative mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically |
Atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
Chemical symbol | a one- or two-letter abbreviation for the element that appears directly below its atomic number on the periodic table that each element is represented by |
Metals | occupy the left side of the periodic table and have similar properties |
Nonmetals | occupy the upper right side of the periodic table and have varied properties |
Metalloids | most of the elements that lie along the zigzag diagonal line dividing metals and nonmetals, also called semimetals |
Ions | charged particles |
Cations | positively charged ions |
Anions | negatively charged ions |
Pure substances | may be elements or compounds |
Elements | may be atomic or molecular |
Compounds | may be molecular or ionic |
Atomic elements | those that exist in nature with single atoms as their basic units |
Molecular elements | exist as diatomic molecules- 2 atoms of that element bonded together- as their basic units |
Molecular compounds | compounds formed from 2 or more nonmetals |
Ionic compounds | contain 1 or more cations paired with 1 or more anions |
For most conversion problems | given unit * desired unit/given unit = desired unit information given * conversion factor(s) = information sought |
Multi-step unit conversion problems | add more steps, each having a conversion factor from the previous step in the denominator and the units of the following step in the numerator |
International System of units (SI units) | a set of standard units agreed on by scientists throughout the world |
Length | meter (m) |
Mass | kilogram (kg) |
Time | second (s) |
Temperature | kelvin (K) |
Prefix multipliers | change the value of a unit by powers of 10 |
Units of energy | joule, calorie, Calorie, and kilowatt-hour |
Isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
Percent natural abundance | percentage of isotopes that all elements have |