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Chemistry 10 BC
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name three subatomic particles. | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| What is a proton symbol? | p |
| What is a neutron symbol? | n |
| What is an electron symbol? | e |
| What charge does a proton have? | + |
| What charge does a neutron have? | 0 |
| What charge does an electron have? | - |
| Where is the proton located in the atom? | nucleus |
| Where is the neutron located in the atom? | nucleus |
| Where is the electron located in the atom? | surrounding the nucleus |
| What is a nuclear charge? | an electric charge on the nucleus; always positive because protons have a positive charge and the neutrons are not charged |
| What is an atomic number? | the number of protons |
| Do you count transition metals when counting columns of the periodic table? | no you don't and it really messes you up if you do :) |
| Where are metals located on the periodic table? | left and the middle |
| Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table? | upper right corner |
| Where can you find metalloids on the periodic table and what do they look like? | a staircase on the right side |
| Name the diatomic molecules. | hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, flourine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine |
| How many electrons are held in the first shell of a Bohr diagram? | 2 |
| How many electrons are held in the second shell of a Bohr diagram? and what is it called when full? | 8 - stable octet |
| How do you figure out how many electrons are held in the valence shell of the Bohr diagram? | it is the column number (group) that the element is in on the periodic table |
| What is an ionic compound? | an ionic compound loses or gains electrons; combination of a metal and a non-metal |
| What is a covalent compound? | sharing electrons; when a nonmetal and a nonmetal combine |
| What is a Lewis diagram? | a diagram showing only an atom's valence electrons and it's chemical symbol |
| What are the rules for naming ionic compounds? | first part of the name indicates the POSITIVE ion (a metal), second part of the name indicates the NEGATIVE ion (a non-metal)- the non metals name also ends in the suffix -ide |
| multivalent metals | have more than one ion charge; the ion charge that it is - you must show with a roman numeral |
| polyatomic ion | an ion composed of more than one type of atom joined by covalent bonds |
| binary covalent compound | contains two non-metal elements joined by one or more covalent bonds |
| How to name a binary covalent compound? | the prefix indicates how many atoms of each element are present? the second element ends with the suffix -ide |
| What do acids produce? | hydrogen ions (H+) |
| What do bases produce? | hydroxide ions (OH-) |
| What happens when an acidic solution is mixed with a basic solution? | they neutralize each other |
| How can you identify an acid by looking at its chemical formula? | it generally starts with hydrogen on the left hand side of the formula, or the name ends with -ic acid |
| How can you identify a base by looking at its chemical formula? | bases generally have OH on the right hand side of their chemical formula |
| What are some attributes of bases? | tastes bitter, feels slippery, conducts electricity, has a ph greater than 7 |
| What are some attributes of acids? | they taste sour, conduct electricity, have a ph less than 7, they produce hydrogen ions, and they react with metals causing them to corrode |
| What are salts? | a class of ionic compounds that can be formed during a reaction of an acid and a base |
| How do you identify a organic compound? | they contain carbon; lots of "c's" and "H's"; |
| What is a synthesis reaction? | element + element = compound A+B = AB |
| What is a decomposition reaction? | Compound = element + element AB = A+B |
| What is a single replacement reaction? | element + compound = element + compound A+BC = B + AC (where A is a metal) or A+BC = C+ BA (where C is a nonmetal) |
| What is a double replacement reaction? | ionic solution + ionic solution = ionic solution + ionic solid AB (aq) + CD (aq) = AD (aq) + CB (s) |
| What is a neutralization reaction? | acid + base = salt + water |
| What is a combustion reaction? | hydrocarbon + oxgen = carbon dioxide + water |
| What is rate of reaction? | how quickly or slowly reactants turn into products |
| How does temperature affect the rate of chemical reaction? | hot makes it fast; cold makes it slow; particles collide more when they are moving faster and less when they are moving slower |
| How does concentration affect the rate of chemical reaction? | the more concentrated the molecules are, the more likely they are to collide and react |
| How does surface area affect the rate of reaction? | for the same amount yof mass, there is a larger surface area for reactants to react |
| How does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction? | it speeds it up by reducing the amount of energy required to break and form bonds |
| What is radioactivity? | the release of high-energy particles and rays of energy from a substance as a result of changes in the nuclei of its atoms |
| What is radiation? | high-energy rays and particles emitted by radioactive sources |
| What is light? | a form of radiation that humans can see |
| What are isotopes? | Isotopes are different atoms of a particular element that have the same number number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| How do you find the mass number of an isotope? | mass number = atomic number + number of neutrons |
| How do you find the number of neutrons in an isotope? | number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number |
| How are isotopes represented? | the mass number is written as superscript and the atomic number is written as subscript |
| What is radioactive decay? | a process in which unstable nucleii lose energy by emitting radiation; unstable radioactive atoms undergo radioactive decay and form stable, non-radioactive atoms, usually of a different element. |
| What are the three major types of radiation? | alpha, beta and gamma |
| How is alpha decay expressed? | the emission of an alpha particle from a nucleus is alpha decay; so, the atomic number is reduced by 4 and the mass number is reduced by 2 |
| How is beta decay expressed? | in beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton, and a beta particle an electron; the atomic number stays the same and the mass number adds one |
| How is gamma decay expressed? | results from a distribution of energy within the nucleus. Everything stays the same. Just take away the "*" |
| What is a half-life and how is it used in radiocarbon dating? | a measure of the rate of radioactive decay for a given isotope |
| What is a parent isotope? | is an isotope that undergoes radioactive decay |
| What is a daughter isotope? | is the stable produce of a parent isotope decay |
| What is nuclear fission? | a nuclear reaction in which a nucleus breaks apart producing two or more smaller nuclei, subatomic particles, and energy |
| How is nuclear fission used? | nuclear fission is the source of energy for all nuclear power generation used today; the radioactive daughter products are a significant waste disposal problem |
| Why do heavy nuclei tend to be unstable? | because of the repulsive forces between their many protons |
| What is nuclear fusion? | nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei combine to produce a larger nucleus; other subatomic particles as well as energy are released in this process |
| How is nuclear fusion used? | it ocurs at the core of the Sun and other stars. |
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