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ch11 health psy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is healthy psychology? | The branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. |
| What is psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)? | The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain. |
| What is stress? | A person's response to events that are threatening or challenging. |
| What is cataclysmic events? | Strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people at once (e.g., natural disasters). |
| What is personal stressors? | Major life events, such as the death of a family member, that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time. |
| What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? | A phenomenon in which victims of major catastrophes or strong personal stressors feel long-lasting effects that may include re-experiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams. |
| What is background stressors (“daily hassles”)? | Everyday annoyances, such as being stuck in traffic, that cause minor irritations and may have long-term ill effects if they continue or are compounded by other stressful events. |
| What are psychophysiological disorders? | Medical problems influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. |
| What is general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? | A theory developed by Selye that suggests that a person's response to a stressor consists of three stages: alarm and mobilization, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| What is coping? | The efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. |
| What is emotion-focused coping? | The efforts to manage emotions in the face of stress by seeking to change feelings about or perception of a problem (e.g. accepting sympathy from others, looking at the bright side of a situation.) |
| What is problem-focused coping? | The attempts to modify a stressful problem or source of stress like: Starting a study group to improve poor classroom performance and taking a day off from caring for a relative with a serious, chronic illness to go a health club or spa. |
| What is learned helplessness? | A state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled—a view that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances even if they actually can exert some influence on the situation. |
| What is social support? | A mutual network of caring, interested others. |
| What is type A behavior pattern? | A cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven. |
| What is type B behavior pattern? | A cluster of behaviors characterized by a patient, cooperative, noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner. |
| What is subjective well-being? | People's sense of their happiness and satisfaction with their lives. |
| How is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology? | The field of health psychology considers how psychology can be applied to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. |
| What do cataclysmic events, personal stressors, and background stressors (daily hassles) have in common? | They are general classes of events that provoke stress. |
| What is an example of a negative consequence caused by prolonged physiological reactions from stress? | The development of psychophysiological disorders. |
| Stress produces immediate physiological reactions. On a short-term basis, how can the body adapted to these reactions? | By producing an “emergency reaction” in which the body prepares to defend itself through activation of the sympathetic nervous system. |
| There are several methods to deal with stress, what are some examples? | The unconscious use of defense mechanisms and the use of emotion-focused or problem-focused coping strategies |
| What could be benefited from developing a sense of control over one's circumstances? | Stress reduction. |
| What is alarm and mobilization | An activation of sympathetic nervous system. |
| What is exhaustion | When ability to adapt to stress diminishes; symptoms appear. |
| What is resistance | Various strategies used to cope with a stressor. |
| What affects a single person and produce an immediate major reaction. | Personal stressors. |
| People with the personality characteristic of hardiness appear to be what? | Able to successfully combat stressors. |
| Why are some cataclysmic stressors less stressful in the long run than other types of stressors | Natural disasters have a clear resolution. Once over people knowing that the worst is behind them. Others who also experienced the disaster share the stress permitting people to offer social support and firsthand understanding. |
| The Type A behavior pattern is a cluster of behaviors involving hostility, competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven. What is Hostility, a key component of the Type A behavior pattern, linked to? | Coronary heart disease, which can also lead to a heart attack. |
| How can people's attitudes and emotional responses affect the course of cancer? | Through links to the immune system. |
| What is the leading preventable cause of health problems that has proved to be difficult to quit, even though most are aware of the dangerous consequences of the behavior. | Smoking |
| What is smoking used to regulate? | Both nicotine levels and emotional states. |
| How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment? | Through communication, although patients may find it difficult because of physicians' high social prestige and the technical nature of medical information. |
| How does a sense of well-being develop? | Subjective well-being, the measure of how happy people are, is highest in people with high self-esteem, a sense of control, optimism, and a supportive network of close relationships |
| What problems are health psychologists most likely to focus on with health care? | Ineffective communication between physician and patient. |
| What is the best approach for getting people to floss more to prevent gum disease? | Use a positively framed message. |
| How would winning the lottery likely affect well-being? | It would produce an immediate but not lingering increase in the level. |
Created by:
DanDMan