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exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| during infancy and childhood, how do the brain and and motor skills develop? | the brain's never cells are sculpted by heredity and experience, complex motor skills develop in a predictable sequence. we can't remember before 3.5 years brain hasn't developed fully. |
| how dp parent-infant attachments bonds form? | at about 8 months, soon after the object permanence develops, separated from their care givers develop stranger activity. children form attachments because they feel comfortable. |
| how have psychologists studied attachments differences,and what have they learned? | studied in strange situations, show that some children are securely attached and some are insecurely attached. |
| does childhood neglect, abuse, or family disruption affect children's attachments? | yes it may be at risk for attachment problems. |
| how does day care affect children? | doesn't harm children's thinking and language skills, but child's temperament, parent's sensitively, and the family's economic, and education levels and cultures also matter |
| how do children's self-concept s develop? | 15-18 months we recognize ourselves in mirror, school age we can describe many of our own traits, and |
| during infancy and childhood, how do the brain and and motor skills develop? | the brain's never cells are sculpted by heredity and experience, complex motor skills develop in a predictable sequence. we can't remember before 3.5 years brain hasn't developed fully. |
| how dp parent-infant attachments bonds form? | at about 8 months, soon after the object permanence develops, separated from their care givers develop stranger activity. children form attachments because they feel comfortable. |
| how have psychologists studied attachments differences,and what have they learned? | studied in strange situations, show that some children are securely attached and some are insecurely attached. |
| does childhood neglect, abuse, or family disruption affect children's attachments? | yes it may be at risk for attachment problems. |
| how does day care affect children? | doesn't harm children's thinking and language skills, but child's temperament, parent's sensitively, and the family's economic, and education levels and cultures also matter |
| how do children's self-concept s develop? | 15-18 months we recognize ourselves in mirror, school age we can describe many of our own traits, and by 8-10 self-image is stable |
| what are the 3 parenting styles, and how do children's traits relate to them? | authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative |
| how is adolescence defined, and what physical change mark this period? | the transition period form childhood to adulthood.the Brian's frontal lobes mature and myelin growth increases during adolescence and early 20s |
| how did piaget, kohlberg, and later researchers describe adolescence ? | piaget said that adolescences develop a capacity for formal operations and that this development is the foundation for moral judgement, kohlberg proposed a stage theory of moral reasoning from a preconventional to conventional morality, |
| what are social tasks and challenges of adolescences? | one's identity |
| how do parents and peers influence adolescents? | parents' influences decrease peers' increases, tend to be more like peers |
| what is emerging adulthood? | form age 18 to mid 20s |
| what physical changes occur during middle and late adulthood? | muscular strength, reaction time, sensory abilities, and cardiac output begin to decline (40 to 65) late adulthood the immune system weakens, |
| how does memory change with age ? | recall begins to decline, recognition memory remains strong |
| what themes and influences mark one our social journey from early adulthood to death? | adults do not progress through an orderly sequence of age-related social stages. chance events can determine life choices |
| do self-confidience and life satisfaction vary with life stages? | tends to strengthen across the life span |
| a loved one's death triggers what range of reactions? | strong expressions of emotion do not purge grief and therapy significantly does not help it |
| how do psychologists define motivation? from what perspective dp they view motivated behavior? | it is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, drive reduction theory explores hoe physiological needs creates arouse mention states that directs use to satisfy those needs. |
| What physiological factor produce hunger? | Euro areas in the brain some with in the hypothalamus monitor blood chemistry and incoming information about the body state. |
| What psychological, culture, and situational factors influence hunger? | Hunger reflects on our memory of when we last ate and when we should eat again, most humans prefer sweet and salty but also depends on culture and situation. |
| What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese? | genes and environment interact to produce obesity. include lack of exercise, social influence, can lead to depression |
| what physiological factors affect human sexual behavior, and what disorders disrupt the sexual response cycle? | 4 stages, excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
| how do hormones, and external and internal stimuli, influence human sexual motivation? | the female estrogen and male testosterone hormones influence human sexual behavior less directly than they influence sexual behavior on other species. |
| what factors influence teen pregnancy and risk transmitted infections ? | minimal communication about birth control with parents,partners, and peers. |
| is scientific research on sexual motivation value free? | does not attempt to define the personal meaning of sex in our lives, but research and and education are not value-free? |
| what evidence points to our human need to belong ? | our need to affiliate or belong to feel connected and identified with others, had survival value for our ancestors. |
| how does social networking influence us ? | we connect with others through social networking, strengthening our relationships with those we already know, when networking people tend toward increased self-discalosure |
| how do arousal and expressive behaviors interact in emotion? | emotional feelings follow our body's response to emotion-inducing stimuli |
| to experience emotions must we consciously interpret and label them? | our emotions have 2 ingredients, physical arousal and a cognitive label, and the cognitive labels we put on our states of arousal are an essential ingredient of emotion |
| what is the link between emotional arousal and the automatic nervous system? how does arousal affect performance? | the arousal competent of emotion is regulated by the automatic nervous system's sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| do different emotions activate different physiological and brain- pattern responses? | emotions may be similarly arousing, but facial muscle movements distinguish them. |
| how effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies? | not accurate enough to justify widespread use in business and law enforcement |
| how do we communicate nonverbally ? | much of our communication is throughly body movements, facial expressions , and voice tones |
| how do we genders differ in their ability to communicate nonverbally ? | women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more empathic than men |
| are nonverbally expressions of emotion universally understood ? | the meaning of gestures caries in cultures but fear and happiness facial expressions are common around the world |
| do our facial expressions influence our feelings ? | our facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and single the biddy to respond accordingly. |
| what are some basic emotions, and what two dimensions help differentiate them? | joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger,disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt |
| what are the causes and consequences of anger? | evoked by misdeeds that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable, also frustration and blameless annoyance |
| what are the causes and consequences of happiness? | a good mood, happiness is relative to out own experiences |
| what events provoke stress responses,and how do we respond and adapt to stress ? | stress response is a "fight-or-flight" system, prolonged stress can damage neurons, hastening cell death. |
| how does stress make us more vulnerable to disease? | stress diverts energy from the immune system , does not cause diseases like AIDS and cancer, by altering our immune functioning it may make is more vulnerable to them |
| why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease? | Type A people secrete more of the hormones that accelerate the buildup of plaque on the hearts's artery walls, chronic stress also contribute |
| in what ways do people cope with stress,and how does a perceived lack of control affect health? | problem-focused coping attempts to change and emotional-focused coping aims to avoid or ignore , a perceived loss of control provokes an outpouring of hormones that put people's health at risk |
| what are the links among basic outlook on life, social support, stress, and health? | people with optimistic outlook show that their blood pressure does not increase as sharply in response to stress, their recovery form heart bypass surgery, and faster live longer |
| how effective is aerobic exercise as a way to manage stress and improve well-beings? | it's sustained, oxygen-consuming activity that increases heart and lung fitness, leads to muscle relaxation and sounder sleep, relive depression |
| in what ways might relaxation an mediation influence stress and health? | they reduce stress by relaxing muscles, lowering blood pressure, improving immune functioning, and lessening anxiety and depression. |
| what is the faith factor, and what are some possible explanations for this link? | the finding that religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not, explanations are health behaviors, social support, or positive emotions are found in people who are religious |
| what is the complementary and alternative medicine,and how is it best assessed through scientific research? | treatments tend to serve as supplements or alternatives to conventional medicine |
| what do social psychologists study? how do we tend to explain others' behavior and our own? | the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations, explaining others' behavior we use the fundamental attribution error, but on ourselves we are more readily attribute it to the influence of the situation |
| does what we think affect what we do, or does what we do affect what we think? | actions can modify attitudes, as in the foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
| what is automatic mimicry, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social influence? | it's our tendency to unconsciously imitate others' expressions, postures, and voice tones |
| what did milligram's obedience experiments teach us about the power of social influence ? | demonstrated strong social influence, |
| what have we learned from the Asch and Milgram studies? | demonstrated that strong social influences can make people conform to falsehoods or give in to cruelty. |
| how is our behavior affected by the presence of others? | in facilitation,the mere presence of others arouses us, improving our performance on easy or well-learned tasks but decreasing it on difficult ones loafing, makes us feel less responsible |
| what are group polarization and groupthink, and how much power do we have as individuals? | in group polarization, group discussions people who think alike strengthen members' prevailing beliefs and attitudes, groupthink is driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group,power of individual and situation interact |
| what is prejudice? what are the social and emotional roots? | it's an unjustifiable usually negative attitude toward a group and its members social roots are inequalities and divisions |
| what are the cognitive roots of prejudice ? | they grow from our natural ways of processing information |
| what psychological an social-cultrual factors may trigger aggressive behavior? | frustration, previous reinforcement for aggressive behavior, and observing an aggressive role model |
| why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others? | proximity increases liking, physical attractiveness, similar attitudes |
| how does romantic love typically change as time passes? | start with passionate love, over time the strong affection of companionate love may develop especially enhanced by an equitable relationship and by intimate self-disclosure |
| when are people mist and least likely to help? | when noticing an incident, interpret it as an emergency, ad assume responsibility for helping not help when others are present, mood, and similarity to victim |
| how do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behaviors ? | we help others because it is in our own self-imterest |
| how do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict? | each party views the opponent as untrustworthy and evil-intentioned, and itself as an ethical peaceful victim |
| how can we transform feelings pf prejustice, aggression, and conflict into attitudes that promote peace? | 4 processes, contact, cooperation, communication, and conciliation help promote peace |
Created by:
marlin15