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Exam 3 A&P 1 Review
Chapters 9 11 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| skeletal | attached to bones and skin, striated, voluntary, requires nervous system stimuli |
| cardiac | only in heart, striated, involuntary |
| smooth | in wall of hollow organs, not striated, involuntary |
| 3 membranes surrounding muscle tissue | epimysium, fascicles, perimysium |
| what ion binds to troponin? | calcium |
| sliding filament model of muscle contraction | muscle contraction based on proteins |
| acetylcholine | functions as a neurotransmitter |
| acetylcholinesterase | stops nerve excitation after impulse transmission |
| Duchene muscular dystrophy | An inherited disorder of progressive muscular weakness, no cure |
| symptoms | frequent falls, fatigue, motor skills difficulty |
| treatment | physical therapy and medications |
| the central nervous system includes? | brain and spinal cord,and nerves |
| the peripheral nervous system includes? | nerves outside spinal cord and brain |
| the primary functions of the nervous system are? | master controlling and communicating system of body |
| autonomic nervous system neurons | regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, involuntary |
| motor divisions | transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs, muscle and glands |
| sensory divisions | convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to CNS |
| sympathetic | 1) pathways exit at middle spinal cord, deals with immediate threats to the internal environment, "flight-or-fight" response |
| parasympathetic | inhibiting heartbeat or contracting the pupil of the eye. |
| schwann cells | insulate individual nerve fibers |
| ependymal cells | line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column |
| myelin sheath | surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon |
| white matter | component of central nervous system, in the brain and superficial spinal cord |
| neurilemma | thin sheath around a nerve axon |
| axolemma | cell membrane surrounding axon |
| axon | transmits impulses away from cell body |
| dendrite | conducts impulses towards cells |
| voltage gated channel | activated by changes in electrical membrane potential |
| leakage channel | controls movement of ions across neuronal membrane |
| mechanically gated channel | open pores in response to mechanical deformation of a neurons plasma membrane |
| ligand-gated channel | change shape following the following the binding of extracellular ligand |
| neurotransmitters | brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our brain and body |
| functions of the oligondendrites include? | provide support and insulation to axons |
| what is the functions of astrocytes? | physical and metabolic support for neurons, detoxification, guidance during migration |
| what are the neuroglia in the brain that line the ventricles? | ependymal cells |
| 3 primary functions of nervous system | sensory input, integration and motor output |
| 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system are? | parasympathetic, sympathetic |
| oligodendrocytes | form myelin sheaths in the brain CNS |
| astrocytes | support and brace neurons. play a role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons. |
| neurons | do all of nervous system work |
| soma of a nerve cell | most active and best developed in body |
| axon hillock | connects to axon |
| neuroglia | small cells surround and wrap delicate neurons |
| ventricles | one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood |
| ependymal cells | line cavities of brain and spinal column, moves the cerebrospinal fluid |
| cholinesterase | serves as neurotransmitters |
| norepinephrine | what gets your blood pumping and heart pounding |
| GABA | inhibits nerve transmissions in the brain, calming nervous activity |
| describe the nervous system integrative function? | adds to memory, produces thought, makes decision |
| which in channel opens to conduct an action potential? | voltage-gated channel |
| an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell by the..... | synapse |
| what is the role of acetylcholinesterase? | enzyme catalyzing breakdown of acetylcholine that functions as neurotransmitters |
| what are the basic functions of the autonomic nervous system? | regulates functions of internal organs such as heart, stomach, and intestines |
| schwann cells are functionally similar to what other glial cells? | oligodendrocytes |
| list the chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | acetylcholene, GABA, adrenergic, neuropeptides |
| a neuron that connects other neurons is called a? | axon terminal |
| the general term for a substance released at axon terminals is called..... | |
| the arbor vitae is? | cerebellar white mater |
| the brain stem consists of? | |
| the subarachnoid space lies between what two meninges? | between arachnoid membrane and pia mater |
| the brain centers that control heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the..... | medulla oblongata |
| which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? | longitudinal fissure |
| a shallow grove on the surface of the cortex is called..... | sulcus |
| white matter of the spinal chord contains? | |
| An individual who accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1 would be a.... | pick one, quadriplegic or paraplegic |
| Ridges of the tissue on the cerebral hemispheres are called.... | cerebral cortex |
| Broca's area... | linked to speech production |
| Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall and personality? | reticular formation |
| The blood to brain barrier | protects neural tissue from variations in blood compositions and toxins |
| The brain area involved in wakeness or alertness | reticular activating system |
| What would you find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? | clear in color |
| What brain areas are involved in memory? | cerebellum |
| White matter is not found in what areas? | dendrites, neural cell bodies or shorter axons |
| Know your brain waves | |
| Muscle fibers | composed of myofibrils that contract when stimulated |
| Myofilaments | chains of primarily actin and myosin that pack a muscle fiber |
| Actin | multi-functional protein that forms microfilaments |
| Myosin | protein, converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy |
| Sarcolemma | cell membrane of a striated muscle fiber cell |
| Sarcoplasm | The cytoplasm of muscle cells |
| Troponin | integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle |
| Tropomyosin | acting, binding protein, forms a polymer along the length of actin |
| Striations | series of ridges, furrows or linear marks |
| Amniotic | |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | stores and releases calcium |
| T tubules | continuations of sarcolemma |
| Thick filaments | Contains APT ases, Contains Myosin, Does not lie in the I band |
| Thin filaments | Regulatory proteins bound to actin, contain tropomyosin and troponin |
| Sarcomere | the basic unit of striated muscle tissue |
| Myofibrils | where muscle contractions occur, contain sarcomeres, exhibit striations |
| Lumen | an opening in a blood vessel |
| Sliding filament model of contraction | during contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments, actin and myosin overlap more |
| Calcium | essential for muscle contraction |
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) | primary neurotransmitter that produces muscle contraction on skeletal muscle, involuntary on auto pilot |
| Destruction of Acetylcholine | breaks down ACh, prevents continued muscle contraction |
| Nerve-Muscle functional | smaller number=fine control larger number=coarse motor control |
| ADP | donates its phosphate to ATP |
| Varicosites | store and release neurotransmitters |
| Calmodulin | smooth muscle, binds calcium |
| Anterograde | away from cell body |
| Retrograde | toward cell body |
| Myelination in the PNS | formed by schwann cells |
Created by:
MaryMamiChula