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MA Lab 2
LP4 Fundamental Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ______ are immunoglobulins produced specifically to destroy foreign invaders | antibodies |
| antibodies are found in ______ | serum |
| Invaders can be ____, ____,_____,____, and _____ | bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cancer |
| self-antigens are also called _______ | autoantigens |
| ______ are substances within the body that induce the production of antibodies that attack an individuals own body tissue | self-antigens |
| The immune system has _____ lines of defensive mechanisms | 3 |
| First line of defense is _____ barriers, which include ____ and ____ | natural, skin and mucous |
| mucous membranes are what? | thin sheets of tissue lining the internal cavities and canals |
| Secretions produced within the first line of defense maintain a skin pH of _____, which allows the growth of ____ _____ while inhibiting the growth of pathogens | 5.6, normal flora |
| First line of defense includes _____ barriers, _____ barriers, and ____ barriers | mechanical, physical, chemical |
| An example of a mechanical barrier is _________ | reflexes like sneezing |
| An example of physical barriers are _____ and _____ | skin and mucous membranes |
| An example of chemical barriers are ____ and _____ | pH and normal flora |
| What cells are capable of engulfing and ingesting pathogens and cellular debris? | phagocytes |
| The body sends _____ to the site when an invader breaks through a natural barrier | phagocytes |
| White blood cells _____ and _____ engulf and ingest invaders | neutrophils and monocytes |
| Monocytes become _____ in the tissue | macrophages |
| What are 2 protective proteins that have a role at the site of invasion? | interferons and complement proteins |
| _____ _____ cells are a special type of lymphocyte sent to the scene of invasion to attack and destroy the bodys infected cells & cancer cells in a nonspecific way | Natural Killer |
| ______ are proteins secreted by infected cells to prevent further replication & spread of infection | interferons |
| _______ ______ are proteins that further stimulate phagocytosis and inflammation & are capable of destroying bacteria | complete proteins |
| Complete proteins swarm over a bacterium and does what to its membrane causing it to what? | punch hole, causing it to fill with fluid and explode |
| what are the clinical signs of inflammation | heat, redness, swelling, pain |
| When does inflammation begin? | when histamine is released by the injured cells, causing dilation of blood vessels |
| Redness and heat are a result from what | increased blood flow to the affected areas |
| Swelling and pain is caused by what | fluids in the plasma leaking into the tissue |
| The inflammation response that occurs during the second line of defense, is usually seen within the firs ___ hours of infection | 12 |
| nonspecific internal defenses at the site of the invasion occur during the ___ line of defense | 2nd |
| 2nd line of defense includes ____ and _____, _____, _____, ____, and ____ | phagocytes and macrophages, natural killer cells, protective proteins, inflammation and fever |
| The 3rd line of defense is ______ or _____ immunity | adaptive or acquired |
| The ____ cells and ____ cells work together to produce the specific antibodies that will destroy the invader | T cells and B cells |
| The process of the T & B cells takes _____ days | 6-10 |
| T cells, are small ______ associated with the _____ gland, are involved in ______-______ immunity | lymphocytes, thymus, cell-mediated |
| T cells are activated at the site after they receive an antigen from ________ | macrophages |
| T cells rapidly duplicate themselves into what 4 subgroups? | Killer T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells, Memory T cells |
| ____ T cells (TC) attack foreign antigens directly & destroy cells that bear the antigen | Killer |
| TH4 and CD4 are examples of what? | Helper T cells |
| _____ T cells (TH4 or CD4) stimulate other T cells & help __ cells produce their antibodies | Helper, B |
| ____ T cells (TS) inhibit the T and B cells after a sufficient number of cells have been activated | suppressor |
| ____ T cells remember the antigen for future encounters | Memory |
| Of the lymphocytes circulating in the blood, 70%-80% are ____ | T cells |
| Humoral immunity involves ___ cells | B |
| Humoral immunity begins with what? | the interaction of a B cell with a specific antigen and lymphokine (chemicals) from T helper cell |
| Once a B cell is activated, what two subgroups does it make? | plasma cells & memory B cells |
| what is another name for antibodies | immunoglobulins |
| what does plasma cells do? (they are a subgroup of B cells) | produce the antibodies that travel through the blood specifically targeting and reacting with the antigens, resulting in the destruction of the invader |
| What does memory B cells do? | remember the antigen for future encounters |
| what cells have increased speed and intensity? | memory T & memory B cells |
| Antibodies are apart of the ______ group of proteins that circulate in the blood | globulin |
| Because if their globulin properties, antibodies are referred to as _________ | immunoglobulins |
| what is the abbreviation for immunoglobulins? | Igs |
| immunoglobulins are grouped based on their _____, _____, and ____ | shape, location, function |
| how many groups of immunoglobulins are there? | 5 |
| What are the names of the groups on immunoglobulins? | IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM |
| ____ are immunoglobulins involved in acute allergic reactions | IgE |
| ____ are the primary responders in the first encounter with an invading antigen | IgM |
| ____ respond to the antigens and allergens in subsequent invading or allergic encounters | IgG |
| ____ protect mucous membranes from bacterial and viral infections | IgA |
| ____ are involved in lymphocyte activation and suppression | IgD |
| What does IgM do? | respond in the first encounter with an invading antigen |
| What does IgE involved within? | acute allergic reactions |
| What does IgG respond to? | antigens and allergens in subsequent invading or allergic encounters |
| What does IgA do? | protects mucous membranes from bacterial and viral infections |
| What are IgD involved in? | lymphocyte activation and suppression |
| how many ways are there to acquire specific immunity? | 4 |
| Name the different ways to acquire specific immunity | active immunity acquired naturally, active immunity acquired artificially, passive immunity acquired naturally, passive immunity acquired artificially |
| What is active immunity? | long-term protection against future infections |
| how does one get active immunity? | as a result from the production of antibodies that were formed naturally during an infection, or artificially by vaccination |
| within active immunity, the antibody is remembered in the ______ cell | memory B |
| what is passive immunity? | short term protection against infections |
| how does one get passive immunity? | from antibodies received naturally through the placenta, or artificially by the injection of antiserum or gamma globulins |
| what immunity is only temporary? | passive immunity- acquired naturally or artificially |
| what are the two types of allergy testing? | in vivo testing, and in vitro testing |
| How is an in vivo test preformed? | within a host or living organism by injecting or pricking an antigen into the skin and seeing is a wheal forms |
| what kind of tests are considered in vivo? | tuberculosis screening test, and allergy skin tests |
| ____, ____, ______, and _____ are results in allergic or autoimmune conditions | asthma, hives, difficulty breathing, gastrointestinal inflammation |
| laboratory immunology tests is also referred to as _______ tests | serology |
| where is in vitro tests preformed? | within the laboratory, outside the body |
| Using only ______ from a tube of blood the in vitro test may be done | serum |
| how is in vitro testing done? | a multiwell plate is coated with various food proteins and/or inhalants that are possible allergens capable of causing allergic reactions. Pts serum is then added to each well |
| If patients serum contains _____ or ____ antibodies to any specific food or inhalant proteins, a binding reaction occurs. | IgE or IgG |
| Binding depends on what? | the concentration of antibodies present in the patients serum |
| The reaction during in vitro is detected how? | through a color change and assessed spectrophotometrically |
| The wells showing strong reaction and high level of ____ immunoglobulins will indicate an allergic response to the items in the well | IgG |
| A typical food panel test will indicate possible allergies in what food groups? | dairy, meat/fowl, fruits, fish/crustacea/mollusk, grains, vegetables, spices, herbs |
| once antibodies are produced, they attack the antigens, forming an ________ complex that destroys or renders the invaders harmless | antibody/antigen |
| ________ research had made it possible to detect & measure specific antibodies and/or their specific antigens in ____ and ____ ____ | Biotechnology- blood and body fluids |
| antibodies are typically found in ____ | serum |
| skin and membranes secrete chemicals that: (3 answers) | discourage the growth of pathogenic bacteria, maintain a skin pH of 5.6, & allow the growth of normal flora |
| within active immunity the antibody is remembered within the _____ cells, making the individual immune to future encounters | memory B cell |
| screening tests results are displayed ________ (pertaining to a visual color change) (within in vitro tests) | chromatographically |
Created by:
SHornung