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AP Psychology Unit 4
Sensation & Percpetion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system |
| Sensation Example | As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. |
| Perception | The process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
| Perception Example | As the brain receives information about the lines, and the edges of objects in the environment, higher level cells process and interpret the information recognize objects. |
| Sensation vs Perception | Sensation is to detection as perception is to interpretation |
| Top Down Processing | The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception. |
| Top Down Processing Example | Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain |
| Bottom Up Processing | Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors |
| Bottom Up Processing Example | Trying to see a hidden representational image in a piece of abstract art by looking carefully at each element in the picture and trying to form an image |
| Selective Attention | The focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Example: Because he was thinking about work, Mr.Schultz didn't perceive a word his wife was saying |
| The Cocktail-Party Effect | The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time |
| University of Utah | Driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals |
| 40% | Researchers found that this percentage of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words experienced change deafness; they failed to notice a change in the person speaking |
| Ohio State University | Pedestrians were more likely to cross streets unsafely if they were talking on a cell phone |
| Inattentional Blindness | Failing to see visual objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. |
| Inattentional Blindness Example | Participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen |
| Change Blindness | Change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer doesn't notice it |
| Change Blindness Example | While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice the change in construction worker illustrates change blindness |
| Choice Blindness | The ways in which people are blind to their own choices and preferences |
| Choice Blindness Example | Research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected |
| Pop-Out Phenomenon | When looking at a visual field a unique stimulus can be located much faster than stimuli that is similar |
| Pop-Out Phenomenon Example | Used to make advertisements and road signs more effective |
| Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time |
| Absolute Threshold Example | During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr.Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr.Antall this |
| Signal Detection Theory | Emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds. This theory explains why people respond differently to the same stimuli. |
| Signal Detection Theory Example | When you are expecting an incoming text message, you are much more likely to notice it the second it arrives, |
| Subliminal Message | A message that is presented below one's absolute threshold for awareness. Unconsciously processed information is not unusually persuasive |
| Subliminal Message Example | Audiotapes of soothing ocean sounds accompanied by faint and imperceptible verbal messages designed to increase a desire to lose weight |
| Priming | The activation, often unconsciously of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perceptions, memory, or response. |
| Priming Example | Photographs of people were rated more positively if the photos immediately followed a briefly flashed image of a kitten |
| Difference Threshold | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection. We experience the this as just noticeable difference |
| Difference Threshold Example | Some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee |
| Just Noticeable Difference | The amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable and detectable at least half the time |
| Just Noticeable Difference Example | If the just noticeable difference for a 10-ounce weight is 1 ounce |
| Weber's Law | The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be noticeable |
| Weber's Law Example | Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulo's bag feel heavier |
| Sensory Adaption | Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. This helps us to focus our attention on novel stimuli. Our eyes quiver when we minimize sensory adaption and the object does not vanish from the sight |
| Sensory Adaption Example | After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting |
| Transduction | The process by which our sensory systems convert stimuli energies into neural messages. It is important to sensation because it converts physical stimuli, such as light, into neural messages |
| Transduction Example | The process by which your ears convert sound waves from a siren into neural impluses |
| Humans Experience | It is the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the colour red and the shortest visible waves a blue-violet |
| Amplitude | Determines the intensity (brightness) of the colour |
| Wavlength | Determines the hue of the colour |
| The Order of Structures Light | Light passes through in the eye Cornea->Iris->Pupil->Lens->Retina The rods and cones, located to the back of the retina, convert light energy into neural signals |
| Pupil | The black adjustable opening in the center of the eye. Dilation of the this allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina. |
| Iris | Regulates the amount of light entering the eye by dilating and constricting the pupil; it is your eye colour |
| Lens | Bring objects to focus on the retina by change in its curvature and thickness |
| Accommodation | Refers to the process by which the lens changes shape to focus images on the retina |
| Retina | The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones. Lights rays entering the eye are focused sharply on it |
| Rods | Retinal receptor cells that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision. The most light sensitive receptor cells under very dim levels of illumination |
| Cones Part One | Retinal receptor cells concentrated near the center of the retina that function in daylight in well lit conditions. Cones enable us to distinguish different wavelength of light (Colour). |
| Cones Part Two | The direct link between a single cone and a single bipolar detects fine detail |
| Fovea | A small central pit composed of closely cones in the eye. It is responsible for visual acuity (Sharp Central Vision) |
| Ganglion Cells | The axons of these converge to from the optic nerve. |
| Blind Spot | The area of the retina where the optic nerves the eye. If an image falls on the eye's blind spot, you do not detect it because without receptor cells, transduction cannot occur |
| Psychophysics | The study of relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
| Hue | The dimension of colour that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the colour names blue, green, and so forth |
| Intensity | The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude |
| Optic Nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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