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Stack #199448
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are reflexes? | Rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli; they are mediated over neural pathways called reflex arcs |
| Autonomic Reflexes | mediated through the autonomic nervous system, and we are not usually aware of them. Can activate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and the glands of the body. Regulate body functions such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure, sweating. |
| Somatic Reflexes | involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system. |
| Five components of a Reflex Arc | Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector. |
| Receptor | The site of stimulus action |
| Sensory neuron | transmits afferent impulses to the CNS |
| Integration center | consists of one or more neurons in the Central Nervous System |
| Motor neuron | Conducts Efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ. |
| Effector | muscle fibers or glands, responds to efferent impulses characteristically |
| Monosynaptic Reflex Arcs | Two-neuron, one synapse. The patellar reflex is an example |
| Polysynaptic Reflex Arcs | one or more interneurons (association neurons) in the reflex arc pathway. |
| Flexor Reflex | A three-neuron relfex arc. The more synapses encountered in a reflex pathway, the more time is required to effect the reflex. |
| Spinal Reflex | intitiated and completed at the spinal cord level. Occur without the involvement of higher brain centers. |
| Stretch Reflexes | posture reflex. Helps with posture, balance and locomotion. Absent in the case of peripheral nerve damage and comas. initiated by tapping a tendon, which streches the muscle the tendon is attached to |
| What nerve is carrying the afferent and efferent impulses in the patellar stretch reflex? | femoral nerve |
| Cross-extensor reflex | more complex than the stretch reflex. It consists of a flexor, or withdrawal, reflex follow by extension of the opposite limb. |
| Superficial cord reflexes | result from pain and temperature changes. They are initiated by stimulation of receptors in the skin and mucosae. Depend on both on functional upper motorpathways and on the cord-level reflex arc. ex. plantar reflex |
| Plantar reflex | an important neurological test. stimulating the cutaneous receptors in the sole of the foot. toes flex an move closer together |
| Babinski sign | toes flare in new borns |
| Corneal reflex | A cranial reflex test. mediated through the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) absence of this reflex indicates brain damage. |
| Gag Reflex | tests the somatic motor responses of cranial nerves nine and ten |
| Autonomic reflexes | pupillary, ciliospinal, and salivary reflexes etc. |
| Ciliopsinal reflex | observes pupillary activity. stroke one side of neck, eye on same side should dilate. sympathetic response |
| Salivary Reflex | the amount of saliva released is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system |
| proprioreceptors | respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal muscles. |
| free nerve endings | near the surface. Pain and temperature |
| Meissner's corpuscle | aka tactile receptors. surface of the DERMIS, touch and light pressure |
| Ruffini's corpuscle | mid dermis. deep continuous pressure |
| Hair follicle receptor | hair movement, light touch |
| Pacinian corpuscle | bottom of dermis. deep pressure |
| Merkel Cells | light touch |
| Tactile localization | ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched. |
| Referred pain | when pain is felt in a different area than the original source of pain |
| blind spot | also called the optic disc. where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball |
| lateral rectus | moves eye laterally |
| medial rectus | moves eye medially |
| superior rectus | elevates eye and turns it medially |
| superior oblique | depresses eye and turns it laterally |
| Fibrous Layer | sclera and cornea. |
| Vascular Layer | Uvea and choroid. includes ciliary body which is composed of the ciliary muscles which control lens shape and the ciliary processes which secrete aquous humor. the most anterior part of the uvea is the iris which controls pigment |
| Sensory Layer | innermost layer. includes the retina. contains the photoreceptors, rods and cones which begin the chain of electrical events that ultimately result in the transduction of light energy into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain |
| accomodation | the ability of the eye to focus differentially for objects of near vision |
| macula lutea | "yellow spot". an area of high cone density. contains the fovea centralis. greatest visual acuity. |
| cataracts | makes eye become hazy or entirely obstructed. |
| aqueous humor | anterior part of eye. formed by the capillaries of the ciliary processes of the ciliary body. helps to maintain the intraocular pressure of the eye and provides nutrients for the avascular lens and cornea. |
| vitreous humor | in the vitreous body. in the posterior part of the eye |
| Where is the aqueous humor reabsorbed? | the scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm) |
| Glaucoma | when intraocular pressure reaches dangerously high levels, the retina and optic nerve are compressed. results in blindness |
| Ciliary body | black pigmented body that appears to be a halo around the lens (in model it is the white lines found on the black ora serrata) important in countrollng lens shape |
| lens | biconvex structure that is opaque in preserved speciamens |
| iris | the front of the ciliary body and is penetrated by the pupil. pigmented part of eye |
| cornea | outermost part of the sclera. clear covering over iris |
| optic chiasma | where the fibers of each side of the eye cross over |
| where is the visual cortex of the brain | the occipital lobe of the brain |
| Myopia | near sightedness. concave lenses. test for using snellen chart |
| hyperopia | farsightedness. convex lenses. test for using snellen chart |
| astigmatism | irregularity in the curvature of the lens and or cornea that lead to blurred vision |
| prebyopia | "old vision" decreased elasticity of lens leads to focusing problems as you age |
| emmetropic eye | normal eye sight |
| opthalmoscope | tool used to observe the eye |
| nystagmus | involuntary rolling of the eye in one direction. followed by rapid movement in other direction |
| What is another word for the inner ear | labrynth |
| presbycusis | loss of hearing due to age |
| weber test | strike tuning fork, put medially on head. sensorineural deafness-tone heard in unaffected ear. conduction deafness-tone heard more strongly in ear with conduction deafness |
| rinne test | air conduction deafness-strike, mastoid until you cant hear anymore, put up to ear, if you can hear you have no deafness. bone conduction deafness. strike, put up to ear until you cant hear anymore, mastoid, if you cant hear you have no deafness |
| t/f you need saliva to taste | true |
| T/F the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body via the superior and inferior venae cavaes | true |
| T/F The four pulmonary veins deliver oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium | true |
| where does the left pulmonary artery take oxygen | the the lungs |
| how do you calculate heart rate from the R-R | take the beats per second, then make it the beats per minute. (move decimal) then divide 60 by the number of beats per second. |
| what does ECG stand for? | electrocardiogram |
| P wave | depolarization of the atrium |
| QRS | ventricles depolarize |
| T wave | repolarization of the ventricles |
| tachycardia | rate above 100 beats/min |
| bradycardia | rate below 60 beats/min |
| the smallst two-point thresholds were on the fingers and lips. why? | the touc receptors were highly dense in these areas |
| rate density of touch, hot and cold receptors from high to low | touch, cold, heat |
| in the sheep eye what is the iridscent choroid coat that reflects light called? | tapetum lucidum |
| describe the pathway of light thru the retina | ganglion cells-bipolar cells-photoreceptors-pigmented spithelium of retina |
| name the 3 divisions of the cochlea and whats found in each | scala vestibuli (peri) scala media (endo) scala tympani (peri) |
| what special sense does the cochlea take part in/ | hearing |
| what special sense do the semicircular canals and vestibule take part in? | equillibrium |
| describe the organ of corti | hair cells sit on basilar membrane. the tectorial membrane overlies them. the roof of the coclear duct is the vestibular membrane |
| what are the 3 branches of the aorta? | brachiocephalic, L common carotid, L subclavian |
| name the arteries on the right side of the heart | right coronary artery, marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery |
| name the arteries on the left side of the heart | left coronary artery, circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery |
| name the 2 veins of the heart | great cardiac vein, coronary sinus |
| where does the coronary sinus empty to? | R atrium |
| what 3 structures compose the external ear? | external auditory canal, pinna(auricle), tympanic membrane |
| what 3 tructures compose the inner ear? | cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule |
| involved in equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure | auditory tube |
| vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves hitting it; trnsmits the vibrations to ossicles | tympanic membrane |
| contain receptors for sense of balance; | vestibule, semicircular canals |
| transmits the vibratory motion of the stirrup to the fluid in the scala vestibuli of the inner ear | oval window |
| passage b/t the throad and the tympanic cavity | auditory tube |
| fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth | endolymph |
| fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth and bathing the membranous labyrinth | perilymph |
Created by:
sweetielala07