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Sociology Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| society | a group of people who live together in a specific territory and share a culture |
| culture | collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation |
| material culture | the physical objects produced by people in a particular culture, including tools, clothing, toys, works of art and housing |
| nonmaterial culture | the ideas of a culture, including values and beliefs, accumulated knowledge about how to understand and navigate the world, and standards or "norms" about appropriate behavior |
| value | deeply held principle or standard that people use to make judgments about the world, especially in deciding what is desirable or worthwhile |
| culture war | an intense disagreement about core values and moral positions |
| beliefs | specific convictions or opinions that its people generally accept as being true |
| knowledge | range of information, awareness, and understanding that helps us navigate our world |
| culture shock | the experience of being disoriented because of a lack of knowledge about an unfamiliar social situation |
| norms | a culture's rules and expectations of appropriate behavior |
| cultural lag | the ways that new technological developments often outspace the norms that govern our collective experiences with these new technologies |
| mores | norms that are strictly enforced, with potentially severe penalties for violating them |
| folkways | group habits or customs that are common in a given culture |
| symbol | anything that represents something else |
| language | an elaborate system of symbols that allows people to communicate with each other in complex ways |
| dialect | a variant of a language with its own distinctive accent, vocabulary, and in some cases grammatical characteristics |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | the idea that because of their different cultural content and structure, languages affect how their speakers think and behave |
| behaviors | the actions associated with a group that help reproduce a distinct way of life |
| ideal culture | what the members of a culture report to be their values, beliefs, and norms |
| real culture | what members of a culture actually do, which may not reflect the ideal culture |
| cultural objects | physical item that is created by and associated with people who share a culture |
| ideology | a system of meaning that helps define and explain the world and that makes value judgments about that world |
| dominant ideology | a widely held and regularly reinforced set of assumptions that generally support the current social system and serve the interests of authorities |
| dominant culture | a culture that permeates the society and that represents the ideas and practices of those in positions of power |
| subcultures | cultures associated with smaller groups in the society that have distinct norms, values, and lifestyles that set them apart from the dominant culture |
| counterculture | a subculture that champions values and lifestyles distinctly opposed to those of the dominant culture |
| high culture | cultural forms associated with - and especially valued by - elites |
| popular culture | cultural forms that are widespread and commonly embraced within a society |
| multiculturalism | the recognition, valuing, and protection of the distinct cultures that make up a society |
| ethnocentrism | the judging of other cultures by the standards of one's own on the assumption that one's own is superior |
| xenophobia | the unreasonable fear and hatred of foreigners or people from other cultures |
| cultural relativism | the practice of understanding a culture by its own standards |
| cultural pride organizations | civic organizations that maintain and promote particular cultures |
| religious fundamentalism | believe in the literal interpretation of sacred texts, their beliefs are the base of their activism and try to spread the word |
| anti-corporate activism | protesting concentrated media ownership and an unregulated global economy |
| caste system | stratification based on various ascribed characteristics determined at birth |
| charismatic authority | power whose legitimacy is derived from the extraordinary personal characteristics of an individual leader, which inspire loyalty and devotion |
| class | a group of people who share a roughly similar economic position and lifestyle |
| class system | stratification determined by economic position, which results from a combination of individual achievement and family of birth |
| coerce | to force people's compliance by threatening, intimidating, pressuring, or harming them |
| discrimination | treating others unequally based on their background or other personal characteristics |
| empowerment | an increase in the capacity of people to bring about an intended outcome |
| hegemony | a condition that exists when those in power have successfully spread their ideas - and marginalized alternative viewpoints - so that their perspectives and interests are accepted widely as being universal and true |
| illegitimate power | a form of authority that relies on force or coercion to generate obedience |
| inequality | the unequal distribution of resources among groups of people |
| intersectionality theory | a perspective that highlights the connections and interactions between various forms of inequality, especially race, class, and gender |
| legitimate power | authority that is voluntarily accepted by those by those who are affected |
| life chances | the opportunities offered by a person's economic positions |
| matrix of domination | the interlocking systems of oppression associated with race, class, and gender |
| patriarchy | male domination through social institutions and cultural practices |
| persuade | to obtain people's compliance by convincing them of the correctness of your position and goals |
| power | the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others |
| power tactics | the specific strategies people use to influence others in everyday life |
| privilege | a special advantage or benefit that is not enjoyed by everyone |
| rational-legal authority | power that has legitimacy because it is based on established laws, rules, and procedures |
| reward | to encourage people's compliance by offering some compensation as a positive incentive |
| social closure | the process whereby a status group maximizes its own advantages by restricting access to rewards only to members of the group |
| social mobility | movement from one stratum of a stratification system to another |
| standpoint theory | a theory that questions taken-for-granted assumptions about society by looking at it from multiple viewpoints, especially from the perspective of people in subordinate positions |
| stratification systems | social structures and cultural norms that create and maintain inequality by ranking people into a hierarchy of groups that receive unequal resources |
| traditional authority | power that has legitimacy because of compliance with well-established cultural practices |
Created by:
dpiazza99