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chapter 6
definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| perichondrium | around the cartilage acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed |
| articular cartilage | point of connection which cover the ends of most bones at movable joints |
| costal cartilage | which connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone) |
| respiratory cartilage | which from the skeleton of the larynx ( voice box) and reinforce other respiratory passageways |
| nasal cartilage | suppor the external nose |
| elastic cartilage | resemble hyaline cartilages but they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and so are better able to stand up to repeated bending |
| fibrocartilage | consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers |
| appositional growth | cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue |
| interstitial growth | the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within |
| hematopoiesis | occurs in the red marrow cavities of certain bones |
| axial skeleton | forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, generally speaking these bones protect, support, or carry other body parts |
| appendicular skeleton | consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton bones of the limbs help us move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment |
| long bones | are considerably longer than they are wide a long bone has a shaft plus two ends, which are often expanded |
| short bones | are roughly cube shaped. the bones of the wrist and ankle are examples |
| sesamoid bones | special type of short bone that form in a tendon |
| flat bones | are thin flattened, and usually a bit curved |
| irregular bones | have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes. |
| organ | a part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function |
| compact bone | external layer |
| spongy (trabecular) bone | internal layer of skeletal bone |
| diploe | non symmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms |
| diaphysis | tubular or shaft, forms the long axis of the bone |
| medullary cavity | Central cavity of a long bone |
| epiphysis | are the bone ends |
| epiphyseal line | Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long is an |
| epiphyseal plate | plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone |
| periosteum | a glistening white, double-layered membrane called the |
| fibrous layer | dense irregular connective tissue |
| osteogenic layer | next to the bone surface consists primarily of primitive stem cells |
| nutrient foramen | Openings |
| perforating (Sharpey's) | Fibers |
| fibers | tufts of collagen fibers that extend from its fibrous layer into the bone matrix |
| endosteum | "within the bone"a delicate connective tissue membrane covers internal bone surfaces |
| hematopoietic tissue | Red marrow |
| bone markings | serve as sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment, as joint surfaces, or as conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
| osteogenic cells | mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum |
| osteoblasts | Bone forming cells secrete unmineralized matrix called osteoid |
| osteoid | unmineralized bone matrix |
| osteocyte | mature bone cells that occupy spaces (lacunae) that conform to their shape |
| bone lining cells | are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on |
| periosteal/endosteal | Bone lining cells on the external bone surface and those lining internal surface are called |
| osteoclasts | : Bone destroying cells Ruffled border Located in resorption bay |
| ruffled border | Directly contacts the bone |
| osteon (Haversian system) | the structural unit of compact bone |
| lamella | column-like tubes collagen (and minerals) run in single direction … and run in opposite directions in adjacent lamellae |
| central (Haversian) canal | the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteocytes |
| perforating (Volkmann's) canals | canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to those of the central canals and medullary cavity |
| lacunae | Cavities containing osteocytes |
| canaliculi | tiny canals connecting lacunae Remove waste, bring nutrients, and communicate |
| interstitial lamellae | incomplete lamellae that lie between intact osteons, filling the gaps between forming osteons or representing the remnant of an osteon that has been cut through by bone remolding |
| circumferential lamellae | Located just deep to the periosteum and just superficial to the end osteom, extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysisand and effectively resist twisting of the long bone |
| spongy bone | Internal layer of skeletal bone |
| osteoid | (organic part of matrix) ground substance collagen fibers |
| hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) | Largely calcium phosphates present as tiny, tightly packed, needle like crystals in and around collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix |
| ossification | The process of bone formation |
| endochondral ossification | a bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage |
| endochondral bone | When endochondral ossification occurs the resulting bone is called |
| periosteal bone collar | a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage |
| periosteal bud | a vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium that invades the ossification center of the cartilaginous model of a developing long bone |
| epiphyseal plate | A disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone |
| intramembranous ossification | a bone develops from a fibrous membrane and the bone is called a membrane bone |
| proliferation zone | cartilage cells undergo mitosis |
| growth zone | epiphysis-facing side of the stack next to the resting zone comprise the |
| hypertrophic zone | older cartilage cells enlarge |
| calcification zone | matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity |
| ossification zone | new bone forms |
| epiphyseal plate closure | once this has occurred only the articular cartilage remains in bones. |
| bone remodeling | Process involving bone formation and destruction in repose to hormonal and mechanical factors |
| osteoid seam | An unmineralized band of gauzy - looking bone matrix |
| bone resorption | The removal of osseous tissue part of the continuous bone remodeling process |
| parathyroid hormone | Produced by the parathyroid glands |
| calcitonin | Produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland may be involved |
| Wolff's law | bones grown or remodel in response to demands |
| nondisplaced fractures | The bone ends retain their normal position |
| displaced fractures | The bone ends are out of normal alignment |
| complete fracture | When the bone is broken through the |
| incomplete fracture | When the bone is not broken through |
| compound fracture | When the bone ends penetrate the skin |
| simple fracture | When the bone ends don't penetrate the skin |
| closed reduction | The physicians hands coax the bone ends into position |
| open reduction | The bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires |
| hematoma | mass of clotted blood |
| soft callus | Hard skin |
| osteoporosis | bone resorption exceeds deposit Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines |
Created by:
clark2014